Purpose: Few studies comparing manufacturing control systems as they relate to high-mix, lowvolume applications (HMLV) have been reported. This paper compares two strategies, constant work in process (CONWIP) and Paired-cell Overlapping Loops of Cards with Authorization (POLCA), for controlling work in process (WIP) in such a manufacturing environment. Characteristics of each control method are explained in regards to lead time, maximum work in process, and throughput and thus, why one may be advantageous over the other. Design/methodology/approach: An industrial system in the Photonics industry is studied. Discrete event simulation is used as the primary tool to compare performance of CONWIP and POLCA controls. Model verification and validation are accomplished by comparing historic data to simulation generated data including utilizations. Simulation experimentation includes a constant case in which all quantities in the model are constant and a random case where the number of orders, pieces per order, and operation times are random variables. These two cases represent the best and practical worst case performance of the system, respectively. Findings: For the system considered in this case study, which includes batch processing, a CONWIP control maximizes throughput at a lower maximum WIP level than a POLCA control. Lead times are equivalent. The performance of POLCA and CONWIP with respect to lead time and throughput becomes equivalent for higher levels of WIP. This is true for both the constant and random cases. Practical implications: The POLCA control strategy uses multiply parameters that in effect specify the maximum WIP in specific areas of the system whereas the CONWIP control is simpler, using a single parameter to specify the upper bound on the overall WIP in the system. In other words, POLCA can potentially prevent all the allowed WIP from congregating in one area of the system and thus preventing relatively large lead times whereas CONWIP does not. In this case, the more detailed control provided by the POLCA system was shown to be unnecessary as the simpler CONWIP control was sufficient. This appears to be due to the batch processing operations and the relatively low utilization of many of the operations. Originality/value: The study compliments and extends previous studies comparing CONWIP and POLCA performance to a HMLV manufacturing environment with batch operations. It demonstrates the utility of discrete event simulation. It shows how to evaluate trade-offs between the single parameter CONWIP control strategy and the multi-parameter POLCA control strategy with regard to maximum WIP, throughput, and lead time.