Post-vehicle-application lithium–ion battery remanufacturing, repurposing and recycling capacity: modeling and analysis
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hdl:2117/81245
Tipus de documentArticle
Data publicació2015-07
EditorOmniaScience
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Abstract
Purpose: A mathematical model is used to help determine the manufacturing capacity needed
to support post-vehicle-application remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of lithium-ion
batteries over time. Simulation is used in solving the model to estimate capacity in kWh.
Lithium-ion batteries that are commonly used in the electrification of vehicles cannot be simply
discarded post-vehicle-application due to the materials of which they are composed. Eventually,
each will fail to hold a charge and will need to be recycled. Remanufacturing, allowing a battery
to return to a vehicle application, and repurposing, transforming a battery for use in a nonvehicle
application, postpone recycling and increase value.
The mathematical model and its solution using simulation test the hypothesis that the capacity
needed for remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling as well as new battery production is a
function of a single parameter: the percent of post-vehicle-application batteries that are
remanufactured.
Design/methodology/approach: Equations in the mathematical model represent the
capacity needed for remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling as well as new battery
production as dependent variables. Independent variables are exogenous quantities as such as
the demand for electrified vehicles of all types, physical properties of batteries such as their application life distribution including the time to recycling, and a single decision variable: the
percent of post-vehicle-application batteries that are remanufactured. Values of the dependent
variables over time are estimated by simulation for values of the percent of post-vehicleapplication
batteries ranging from 0% to 85% in steps of 5%.
Findings: The simulation results support important insights for investment in capacity for
remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of post-vehicle-application batteries as well as new
batteries. The capacity needed for recycling is relatively constant regardless of the percent of
post-vehicle-application batteries that are remanufactured. The sum of the capacity for
remanufacturing and recycling is relatively constant as well. The need for new battery
production capacity is reduced significantly (> 10%) for remanufacturing percentages of 55%
and above.
Research limitations/implications: There is a high degree of uncertainty associated with any
forecast concerning post-vehicle-application lithium-ion batteries due to a lack of experience
with their remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling.
Practical implications: Electrification of vehicles appears to be the only technically feasible
approach to meeting government regulations concerning mileage and emissions (Center for
Climate and Energy Solutions 2013). The planning in the present for the remanufacturing,
repurposing, and recycling of the lithium-ion batteries used in electrification of vehicles is
necessary. Capacity estimation is one important component of such planning.
Social implications: The electrification of vehicles versus the use of fossil fuels is consistent
with the guiding principles of sustainability in helping to meet current needs without
compromising the needs and resources of future generations. Reusing entire lithium-ion
batteries or recycling the materials of which they are composed further reinforces the
sustainability of vehicle electrification.
Originality/value: Estimates of recycling capacity needed in 2030, about 2.69M kWh, change
little with the percent of post-vehicle-application batteries that are remanufactured. The need
for significant recycling capacity appears between 2022 and 2024, increasing steadily thereafter.
Similarly, the sum of remanufacturing and repurposing capacity is relatively constant indicating
the need for flexible facilities that can do either task. In addition by 2030, up to approximately
25% of new battery production could be replaced by remanufactured batteries.
CitacióStandridge, Charles Robert; Hasan, Md Mehedi. Post-vehicle-application lithium–ion battery remanufacturing, repurposing and recycling capacity: modeling and analysis. "Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management", Juliol 2015, vol. 8, núm. 3, p. 823-839.
Dipòsit legalB-28744-2008
ISSN2013-0953
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