Global warming is causing increasing Heat Waves that affect human health. High temperatures markedly increase morbidity and mortality. Urban Heat Islands increase the effects of Heat Waves and are a serious inconvenience to human health and comfort. Cities can substantially increase local temperatures and reduce temperature drop at night. During the night, the greater thermal inertia of the central areas reduces their cooling capacity. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that urban vegetation plays a key role in adapting cities to Global Warming and Urban Heat Island. Green areas have lower temperatures than the rest of land uses and generate a cooling effect that spreads to their surroundings creating a "cool island" effect. The main objective of this paper is to establish the nocturnal land surface temperature and land surface air temperature of Barcelona Metropolitan Area (35 municipalities, 636¿km2, 3.3 million inhabitants) in an episode of a nocturnal heatwave and to estimate its possible impact on health and mortality. Subsequently, nighttime temperatures are analysed in this extreme heat context to determine their spatial distribution and detect the urban landscapes that are most vulnerable to extreme night heat. Modelling of land surface temperature must reveal the elements that determine night Urban Heat Island and consequently identify actions that can be implemented at urban planning level to refresh the environment during the night and thus increase the resilience of the most vulnerable landscapes and improve residents’ health. This paper studies the effect of urban greenery and green infrastructures on Nighttime Urban Heat Island and propose climate adaptation measures and design for urban green areas to decrease high temperature in a Heat Wave context, which contributes to reducing the serious negative impacts on people's health.
