Grain roughness effect on the critical state line of crushable sands

Abstract

A recently proposed DEM model for materials with rough crushable grains (Zhang et al. 2021; Ciantia et al. 2015; Otsubo et al. 2017) is here employed to examine the effect of contact roughness on the critical state line, a property of granular materials which is a) fundamental for the evaluation of lique-faction risk and liquefied responses and b) easily accessible through DEM simulation (Ciantia et al. 2019).