Dynamic toll pricing for express lanes: a model-free feedback control approach

Abstract

Dynamic toll pricing is a useful method of congestion pricing. Highways with High Occupancy Toll lanes or Express Lanes apply tolling schemes to manage the demand and to keep the lanes free-flowing, but tolls are usually implemented as time-of-day tolling or dynamically but based on predefined rules. This work presents a real-time model-free control framework to determine dynamic toll prices in order to optimize a system performance objective, in response to real-time traffic measurement