A singular initial value problem to construct density-equalizing maps

Abstract

The diffusion-based algorithm to produce density-equalizing maps interprets diffusion as an advection process. This algorithm uses the dynamics of a flow that is defined by an initial value problem that turns out to be very singular at the initial time. The singularities appear when the initial density has line or angle discontinuities, which is always the case, for example, in area cartogram maps. This singular initial value problem is analyzed mathematically in this paper and the conclusion is that despite these singularities, it has a unique solution. This justifies the extensive numerical use of this algorithm in the recent years. The techniques presented in this paper use both partial and ordinary differential equations estimates.