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dc.contributor.authorExarchou, Eleftheria
dc.contributor.authorProdhomme, C.
dc.contributor.authorBrodeau, L.
dc.contributor.authorGuemas, Virginie
dc.contributor.authorDoblas-Reyes, Francisco
dc.contributor.otherBarcelona Supercomputing Center
dc.date.accessioned2018-09-03T15:17:32Z
dc.date.available2019-09-01T00:25:44Z
dc.date.issued2018-09
dc.identifier.citationExarchou, E. [et al.]. Origin of the warm eastern tropical Atlantic SST bias in a climate model. "Climate Dynamics", Setembre 2018, vol. 51, núm. 5-6, p. 1819-1840.
dc.identifier.issn0930-7575
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/120792
dc.description.abstractThe substantial warm sea surface temperature bias in the eastern Tropical Atlantic reported in most CMIP5 climate simulations with various models, in particular along the coast of Namibia and Angola, remains an issue in more recent and CMIP6-ready versions of climate models such as EC-Earth. A complete and original set of experiments with EC-Earth3.1 is performed to investigate the causes and mechanisms responsible for the emergence and persistence of this bias. The fully-developed bias is studied in a historical experiment that has reached quasi-equilibrium, while retrospective prediction experiments are used to highlight the development/growth from an observed initial state. Prediction experiments are performed at both low and high resolution to assess the possible dependence of the bias on horizontal resolution. Standalone experiments with the ocean and the atmosphere components of EC-Earth are also analyzed to separate the respective contributions of the ocean and atmosphere to the development of the bias. EC-Earth3.1 exhibits a bias similar to that reported in most climate models that took part in CMIP5. The magnitude of this bias, however, is weaker than most CMIP5 models by few degrees. Increased horizontal resolution only leads to a minor reduction of the bias in EC-Earth. The warm SST bias is found to be the result of an excessive solar absorption in the ocean mixed layer, which can be linked to the excessive solar insolation due to unrealistically low cloud cover, and the absence of spatial and temporal variability of the biological productivity in the ocean component. The warm SST bias is further linked to deficient turbulent vertical mixing of cold water to the mixed layer. Our study points at a need for better representation of clouds in the vicinity of eastern boundaries in atmosphere models, and better representation of solar penetration and turbulent mixing in the ocean models in order to eliminate the Tropical Atlantic biases.
dc.description.sponsorshipWe would like to acknowledge the anonymous reviewer who provided constructive comments that led to a considerable improvement of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Aurore Voldoire and Anna-Lena Deppenmeier for the useful discussion, and Yann Planton for providing the code for implementing the tendency diagnostics in NEMO. This research has received funding from the EU Seventh Framework Programme FP7 (2007–2013) under grant agreements 308378 (SPECS), 603521 (PREFACE) and the Horizon 2020 EU program under grand agreements 641727 (PRIMAVERA). We acknowledge RES and ECMWF for awarding access to supercomput- ing facilities in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center in Spain and the ECMWF Supercomputing Center in the UK, through the HiResClim and SPESICCF projects, recpectively. We acknowledge the work of the developers of the s2dverification R-based package (http://cran.r-project. org/web/packages/s2dverification/index.html). The visualization of some of the figures was done with the NCAR Command Language (NCL, Version 6.3.0, 2016, Boulder, Colorado: UCAR/NCAR/CISL/TDD, http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5).
dc.format.extent22 p.
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSpringer Verlag
dc.subjectÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Energies
dc.subject.lcshSeasonal prediction (Meteorology)
dc.subject.lcshWeather forecasting
dc.subject.otherSeasonal prediction
dc.subject.otherTropical Atlantic
dc.subject.otherModel biases
dc.subject.otherGlobal climate models
dc.titleOrigin of the warm eastern tropical Atlantic SST bias in a climate model
dc.typeArticle
dc.subject.lemacPrevisió del temps
dc.subject.lemacClima--Observacions
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00382-017-3984-3
dc.description.peerreviewedPeer Reviewed
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-017-3984-3
dc.rights.accessOpen Access
dc.description.versionPostprint (author's final draft)
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/641727/EU/PRocess-based climate sIMulation: AdVances in high resolution modelling and European climate Risk Assessment/PRIMAVERA
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/308378/EU/Seasonal-to-decadal climate Prediction for the improvement of European Climate Services/SPECS
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/603521/EU/Enhancing prediction of tropical Atlantic climate and its impacts/PREFACE
local.citation.publicationNameClimate Dynamics
local.citation.volume51
local.citation.number5-6
local.citation.startingPage1819
local.citation.endingPage1840


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