Articles de revista
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/184736
2024-03-29T00:55:36ZBiodegradable conducting PVA-hydrogel based on carbon quantum dots: study of the synergistic effect of additives
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/404869
Biodegradable conducting PVA-hydrogel based on carbon quantum dots: study of the synergistic effect of additives
Gamboa Rivera, Jillian Tricia; Paulo Mirasol, Sofia; Espona Noguera, Albert; Enshaei, Hamidreza; Ortiz Rojas, Sergio; Estrany Coda, Francesc; Ginebra Molins, Maria Pau; Torras Costa, Juan
Conductive hydrogels are becoming one of the most important milestones for the development of new scaffolds, biosensors, supercapacitors, and green electronics within the field of biomedicine. In this work, we study the effect of different types of electroactive additives such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), tannic acid, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), to form different poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based hydrogels with enhanced electrochemical properties. Different physicochemical tests are carried out to characterize the different PVA-based hybrid hydrogels and the rates of their degradation and loss of electroactivity throughout an eight-week biodegradation process. This work shows the individual and synergistic effects of the additives on various mechanical properties, including storage modulus and swelling ratio, and electrochemical properties of the PVA hydrogel. The additives have proven to enhance the electroactivity of the PVA-based hydrogels but as well their degradation. Finally, the use of the new hydrogel as a pressure sensor is also investigated. The study provides an insight on the potential use of CQDs, in synergy with other electroactivity enhancers, in the fabrication of novel hybrid conducting hydrogels in green electronics.
2024-03-18T15:27:04ZGamboa Rivera, Jillian TriciaPaulo Mirasol, SofiaEspona Noguera, AlbertEnshaei, HamidrezaOrtiz Rojas, SergioEstrany Coda, FrancescGinebra Molins, Maria PauTorras Costa, JuanConductive hydrogels are becoming one of the most important milestones for the development of new scaffolds, biosensors, supercapacitors, and green electronics within the field of biomedicine. In this work, we study the effect of different types of electroactive additives such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), tannic acid, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), to form different poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based hydrogels with enhanced electrochemical properties. Different physicochemical tests are carried out to characterize the different PVA-based hybrid hydrogels and the rates of their degradation and loss of electroactivity throughout an eight-week biodegradation process. This work shows the individual and synergistic effects of the additives on various mechanical properties, including storage modulus and swelling ratio, and electrochemical properties of the PVA hydrogel. The additives have proven to enhance the electroactivity of the PVA-based hydrogels but as well their degradation. Finally, the use of the new hydrogel as a pressure sensor is also investigated. The study provides an insight on the potential use of CQDs, in synergy with other electroactivity enhancers, in the fabrication of novel hybrid conducting hydrogels in green electronics.Immediate-sustained lactate release using alginate hydrogel assembled to proteinase K/polymer electrospun fibers
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/403842
Immediate-sustained lactate release using alginate hydrogel assembled to proteinase K/polymer electrospun fibers
Macor, Lorena Paola; Colombi, Samuele; Tamarit Mur, José Luis; Engel López, Elisabeth; Pérez Madrigal, Maria del Mar; García Torres, José Manuel; Alemán Llansó, Carlos
This work proposes a microfibers-hydrogel assembled composite as delivery vehicle able to combine into a single system both burst and prolonged release of lactate. The prolonged release of lactate has been achieved by electrospinning a mixture of polylactic acid and proteinase K (26.0 mg of proteinase K and 0.99 g of PLA dissolved in 6 mL of 2:1 chloroform:acetone in the optimal case), which is a protease that catalyzes the degradation of polylactic acid into lactate. The degradation of microfibers into lactate reflects that proteinase K preserves its enzymatic activity even after the electrospinning process because of the mild operational conditions used. Besides, burst release is obtained from the lactate-loaded alginate hydrogel. The successful assembly between the lactate-loaded hydrogel and the polylactic acid/proteinase K fibers has been favored by applying a low-pressure (0.3 mbar at 300 W) oxygen plasma treatment, which transforms hydrophobic fibers into hydrophilic while the enzymatic activity is still maintained. The composite displays both fast (< 24 h) and sustained (> 10 days) lactate release, and allows the modulation of the release by adjusting either the amount of loaded lactate or the amount of active enzyme.
2024-03-06T11:57:35ZMacor, Lorena PaolaColombi, SamueleTamarit Mur, José LuisEngel López, ElisabethPérez Madrigal, Maria del MarGarcía Torres, José ManuelAlemán Llansó, CarlosThis work proposes a microfibers-hydrogel assembled composite as delivery vehicle able to combine into a single system both burst and prolonged release of lactate. The prolonged release of lactate has been achieved by electrospinning a mixture of polylactic acid and proteinase K (26.0 mg of proteinase K and 0.99 g of PLA dissolved in 6 mL of 2:1 chloroform:acetone in the optimal case), which is a protease that catalyzes the degradation of polylactic acid into lactate. The degradation of microfibers into lactate reflects that proteinase K preserves its enzymatic activity even after the electrospinning process because of the mild operational conditions used. Besides, burst release is obtained from the lactate-loaded alginate hydrogel. The successful assembly between the lactate-loaded hydrogel and the polylactic acid/proteinase K fibers has been favored by applying a low-pressure (0.3 mbar at 300 W) oxygen plasma treatment, which transforms hydrophobic fibers into hydrophilic while the enzymatic activity is still maintained. The composite displays both fast (< 24 h) and sustained (> 10 days) lactate release, and allows the modulation of the release by adjusting either the amount of loaded lactate or the amount of active enzyme.Beyond biology: alternative uses of cantilever-based technologies
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/403352
Beyond biology: alternative uses of cantilever-based technologies
Muñoz Galan, Helena; Alemán Llansó, Carlos; Pérez Madrigal, Maria del Mar
Micromechanical cantilever sensors are attracting a lot of attention because of the need for characterizing, detecting, and monitoring chemical and physical properties, as well as compounds at the nanoscale. The fields of application of micro-cantilever sensors span from biological and point-of-care, to military or industrial sectors. The purpose of this work focuses on thermal and mechanical characterization, environmental monitoring, and chemical detection, in order to provide a technical review of the most recent technical advances and applications, as well as the future prospective of micro-cantilever sensor research.
2024-02-28T10:16:39ZMuñoz Galan, HelenaAlemán Llansó, CarlosPérez Madrigal, Maria del MarMicromechanical cantilever sensors are attracting a lot of attention because of the need for characterizing, detecting, and monitoring chemical and physical properties, as well as compounds at the nanoscale. The fields of application of micro-cantilever sensors span from biological and point-of-care, to military or industrial sectors. The purpose of this work focuses on thermal and mechanical characterization, environmental monitoring, and chemical detection, in order to provide a technical review of the most recent technical advances and applications, as well as the future prospective of micro-cantilever sensor research.Controlled dopamine release from cellulose-based conducting hydrogel
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/401534
Controlled dopamine release from cellulose-based conducting hydrogel
Molina García, Brenda Guadalupe; Arnau Roca, Marc; Sánchez Jiménez, Margarita; Alemán Llansó, Carlos
Very recently, the controlled release of dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter whose deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, has been postulated as a good alternative to the oral administration of levodopa (L-Dopa), a dopamine precursor, to combat the effects of said disease. However, this is still a very little explored field and there are very few carriers that are capable of releasing DA, a small and water-soluble molecule, in an efficient and controlled manner. In this work, we report a carrier based on a conductive hydrogel capable of loading DA and releasing it progressively and efficiently (100 % release) in a period of five days by applying small electrical stimuli (–0.4 V) daily for a short time (1 min). The hydrogel (CMC/PEDOT), which is electrically active, has been prepared from sodium carboxymethylcellulose and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) microparticles, using citric acid as a cross-linking agent. Furthermore, the results have shown that when relatively hydrophobic small molecules, such as chloramphenicol, are loaded, the electrostimulated release is significantly less efficient, demonstrating the usefulness of CMC/PEDOT as a carrier for neurotransmitters.
2024-02-08T18:10:36ZMolina García, Brenda GuadalupeArnau Roca, MarcSánchez Jiménez, MargaritaAlemán Llansó, CarlosVery recently, the controlled release of dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter whose deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, has been postulated as a good alternative to the oral administration of levodopa (L-Dopa), a dopamine precursor, to combat the effects of said disease. However, this is still a very little explored field and there are very few carriers that are capable of releasing DA, a small and water-soluble molecule, in an efficient and controlled manner. In this work, we report a carrier based on a conductive hydrogel capable of loading DA and releasing it progressively and efficiently (100 % release) in a period of five days by applying small electrical stimuli (–0.4 V) daily for a short time (1 min). The hydrogel (CMC/PEDOT), which is electrically active, has been prepared from sodium carboxymethylcellulose and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) microparticles, using citric acid as a cross-linking agent. Furthermore, the results have shown that when relatively hydrophobic small molecules, such as chloramphenicol, are loaded, the electrostimulated release is significantly less efficient, demonstrating the usefulness of CMC/PEDOT as a carrier for neurotransmitters.Oxygen plasma treated thermoplastics as integrated electroresponsive sensors
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/401530
Oxygen plasma treated thermoplastics as integrated electroresponsive sensors
Fontana Escartín, Adrián; Lanzalaco, Sonia; Zhilev, Georgi; Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida; Bertran Cànovas, Òscar; Alemán Llansó, Carlos
Polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and polylactic acid (PLA) 3D printed specimens, which are intrinsically non-electroresponsive materials, have been converted into electroresponsive electrodes applying a low-pressure oxygen plasma treatment. After complete chemical, morphological and electrochemical characterization, plasma treated samples have been applied as integrated electrochemical sensors for detecting dopamine and serotonin by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show differences in the sensing behavior, which have been explained on the basis of the chemical structure of the pristine materials. While plasma treated PLA exhibits the highest performance as electrochemical sensor in terms of sensitivity (lowest limits of detection and quantification) and selectivity (against uric acid and ascorbic acid as interfering substances), plasma treated PP displays the poorest behavior due to its low polarity compared to PLA 3D-printed electrodes. Instead, plasma treated TPU and PETG shows a very good response, much closer to PLA, as sensitive electrodes towards neurotransmitter molecules (dopamine and serotonin). Overall, results open a new door for the fabrication of electrochemical conductive sensors using intrinsically insulating materials, without the need of chemical functionalization processes.
2024-02-08T17:40:06ZFontana Escartín, AdriánLanzalaco, SoniaZhilev, GeorgiArmelín Diggroc, Elaine AparecidaBertran Cànovas, ÒscarAlemán Llansó, CarlosPolypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and polylactic acid (PLA) 3D printed specimens, which are intrinsically non-electroresponsive materials, have been converted into electroresponsive electrodes applying a low-pressure oxygen plasma treatment. After complete chemical, morphological and electrochemical characterization, plasma treated samples have been applied as integrated electrochemical sensors for detecting dopamine and serotonin by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results show differences in the sensing behavior, which have been explained on the basis of the chemical structure of the pristine materials. While plasma treated PLA exhibits the highest performance as electrochemical sensor in terms of sensitivity (lowest limits of detection and quantification) and selectivity (against uric acid and ascorbic acid as interfering substances), plasma treated PP displays the poorest behavior due to its low polarity compared to PLA 3D-printed electrodes. Instead, plasma treated TPU and PETG shows a very good response, much closer to PLA, as sensitive electrodes towards neurotransmitter molecules (dopamine and serotonin). Overall, results open a new door for the fabrication of electrochemical conductive sensors using intrinsically insulating materials, without the need of chemical functionalization processes.Easily recycled thiol-ene elastomers with controlled creep
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/400287
Easily recycled thiol-ene elastomers with controlled creep
Alzubi, Hani Khaled Mohammad; Konuray, Ali Osman; Fernández Francos, Xavier; Ramis Juan, Xavier; Moradi, Sasan
Starting from in-house synthesized allylic monomers containing dynamic disulfide (S–S) bonds, a set of vitrimeric thiol-ene elastomers were prepared and characterized with respect to their viscoelastic and tensile properties. A mixture of a disulfide-containing diallyl monomer and disulfide-free diallyl, namely diallyl phthalate, was combined stoichiometrically with a thiol crosslinker, trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate), to obtain soft thiol-ene thermosets with varying degrees of dynamic bond content. The materials were able to relax strain induced stress completely and rapidly at moderately high temperatures when the disulfide content was above a certain threshold, which was accurately predicted by a statistically-based network (de)crosslinking model. Relaxation of materials with disulfide content below this threshold required the activation of an additional transesterification bond exchange process by increasing the temperature. Recycling of the materials could be achieved by hot-press molding at convenient temperatures. Especially in low-disulfide containing materials, changes were observed in the material structure and properties with increasing number of reprocessing cycles. However, a significant reduction in ambient temperature creep was observed upon reducing the disulfide content. The disulfide content can be easily optimized to yield minimal loss of mechanical property and minimal creep. This work opens up new avenues for the cost-effective development of vitrimeric elastomers with minimal ambient temperature creep.
2024-01-25T13:46:22ZAlzubi, Hani Khaled MohammadKonuray, Ali OsmanFernández Francos, XavierRamis Juan, XavierMoradi, SasanStarting from in-house synthesized allylic monomers containing dynamic disulfide (S–S) bonds, a set of vitrimeric thiol-ene elastomers were prepared and characterized with respect to their viscoelastic and tensile properties. A mixture of a disulfide-containing diallyl monomer and disulfide-free diallyl, namely diallyl phthalate, was combined stoichiometrically with a thiol crosslinker, trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate), to obtain soft thiol-ene thermosets with varying degrees of dynamic bond content. The materials were able to relax strain induced stress completely and rapidly at moderately high temperatures when the disulfide content was above a certain threshold, which was accurately predicted by a statistically-based network (de)crosslinking model. Relaxation of materials with disulfide content below this threshold required the activation of an additional transesterification bond exchange process by increasing the temperature. Recycling of the materials could be achieved by hot-press molding at convenient temperatures. Especially in low-disulfide containing materials, changes were observed in the material structure and properties with increasing number of reprocessing cycles. However, a significant reduction in ambient temperature creep was observed upon reducing the disulfide content. The disulfide content can be easily optimized to yield minimal loss of mechanical property and minimal creep. This work opens up new avenues for the cost-effective development of vitrimeric elastomers with minimal ambient temperature creep.Copolymers and blends based on 3-Hydroxybutyrate and 3-Hydroxyvalerate Units
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/399807
Copolymers and blends based on 3-Hydroxybutyrate and 3-Hydroxyvalerate Units
Jin, Anyi; Valle Mendoza, Luis Javier del; Puiggalí Bellalta, Jordi
This review presents a comprehensive update of the biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), emphasizing its production, properties, and applications. The overall biosynthesis pathway of PHBV is explored in detail, highlighting recent advances in production techniques. The inherent physicochemical properties of PHBV, along with its degradation behavior, are discussed in detail. This review also explores various blends and composites of PHBV, demonstrating their potential for a range of applications. Finally, the versatility of PHBV-based materials in multiple sectors is examined, emphasizing their increasing importance in the field of biodegradable polymers.
2024-01-18T13:35:06ZJin, AnyiValle Mendoza, Luis Javier delPuiggalí Bellalta, JordiThis review presents a comprehensive update of the biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), emphasizing its production, properties, and applications. The overall biosynthesis pathway of PHBV is explored in detail, highlighting recent advances in production techniques. The inherent physicochemical properties of PHBV, along with its degradation behavior, are discussed in detail. This review also explores various blends and composites of PHBV, demonstrating their potential for a range of applications. Finally, the versatility of PHBV-based materials in multiple sectors is examined, emphasizing their increasing importance in the field of biodegradable polymers.PLA-PEG-Cholesterol biomimetic membrane for electrochemical sensing of antioxidants
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/399662
PLA-PEG-Cholesterol biomimetic membrane for electrochemical sensing of antioxidants
Madhani Mohammed Sadhakathullah, Ahammed Hussain; Paulo Mirasol, Sofia; Molina García, Brenda Guadalupe; Torras Costa, Juan; Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida
Polymeric membranes exhibit unique and modulate transport properties when they are properly functionalised, which make them ideal for ions transport, molecules separation and molecules interactions. The present work proposes the design and fabrication of nanostructured membranes, composed by biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), incorporating a lipophilic molecule (cholesterol) covalently bonded, were especially designed to provide even more application opportunities in sensors field. Electrochemical studies, by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), revealed important differences regarding the functionalised and non-functionalised PLA systems. PEG-cholesterol building block units showed a clear affinity with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Trolox® (a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E), both hydrophilic in nature, with a limit of detection capacity of 8.12 µM for AA and 3.53 µM for AA and Trolox, respectively, in aqueous salt solution. The bioinspired polymer may be used to incorporate antioxidant property that allow the design of anti-stress biosensors, electrodes for the detection of vitamin C or vitamin E in biomedical nutrition programs, among other applications.
2024-01-17T10:33:51ZMadhani Mohammed Sadhakathullah, Ahammed HussainPaulo Mirasol, SofiaMolina García, Brenda GuadalupeTorras Costa, JuanArmelín Diggroc, Elaine AparecidaPolymeric membranes exhibit unique and modulate transport properties when they are properly functionalised, which make them ideal for ions transport, molecules separation and molecules interactions. The present work proposes the design and fabrication of nanostructured membranes, composed by biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), incorporating a lipophilic molecule (cholesterol) covalently bonded, were especially designed to provide even more application opportunities in sensors field. Electrochemical studies, by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), revealed important differences regarding the functionalised and non-functionalised PLA systems. PEG-cholesterol building block units showed a clear affinity with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Trolox® (a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E), both hydrophilic in nature, with a limit of detection capacity of 8.12 µM for AA and 3.53 µM for AA and Trolox, respectively, in aqueous salt solution. The bioinspired polymer may be used to incorporate antioxidant property that allow the design of anti-stress biosensors, electrodes for the detection of vitamin C or vitamin E in biomedical nutrition programs, among other applications.The “pudding effect” to promote solar-driving water purification
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/399588
The “pudding effect” to promote solar-driving water purification
Mingot Béjar, Julia; Lanzalaco, Sonia; Agueda Costafreda, Alba; Torras Costa, Juan; Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida
The use of solar energy (natural) and synthetic solar absorber hydrogels (SAHs) for purification of brackish water represent a challenge. Here in, this work reports the unexpected effect achieved for water desalination when combining a small content of conducting polymer (CP), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), doped with poly(styrene sodium sulfonate) (PSS), with a well-known thermosensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Less than 10% of CP is enough to achieve an evaporation rate of 3.45 ± 0.36 KMH, compared to the gel without the ionic polymer (1.75 ± 0.08 KMH). Furthermore, this work proves that the presence of alginate polysaccharide (ALG), which is a conventional reinforcement molecule applied to reach a stable entangled scaffold, is greatly favorable in compositions with 5 wt% of doped CP, reaching even a higher evaporation rate (4.50 ± 0.30 KMH). These results seem to be caused by a shrinkage effect named by the authors: “pudding effect.” The highly stable hydrogel double network demonstrated to have enough mechanical integrity for the hand manipulation of the gel in successive solar water evaporation cycles. Thus, the new system (with or without ALG) is a promising SAH candidate for self-portable water desalinators for domestic uses. The hydrogel preparation can be performed in one-pot reactor to customer up-scale size necessities.
2024-01-16T10:36:12ZMingot Béjar, JuliaLanzalaco, SoniaAgueda Costafreda, AlbaTorras Costa, JuanArmelín Diggroc, Elaine AparecidaThe use of solar energy (natural) and synthetic solar absorber hydrogels (SAHs) for purification of brackish water represent a challenge. Here in, this work reports the unexpected effect achieved for water desalination when combining a small content of conducting polymer (CP), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), doped with poly(styrene sodium sulfonate) (PSS), with a well-known thermosensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Less than 10% of CP is enough to achieve an evaporation rate of 3.45 ± 0.36 KMH, compared to the gel without the ionic polymer (1.75 ± 0.08 KMH). Furthermore, this work proves that the presence of alginate polysaccharide (ALG), which is a conventional reinforcement molecule applied to reach a stable entangled scaffold, is greatly favorable in compositions with 5 wt% of doped CP, reaching even a higher evaporation rate (4.50 ± 0.30 KMH). These results seem to be caused by a shrinkage effect named by the authors: “pudding effect.” The highly stable hydrogel double network demonstrated to have enough mechanical integrity for the hand manipulation of the gel in successive solar water evaporation cycles. Thus, the new system (with or without ALG) is a promising SAH candidate for self-portable water desalinators for domestic uses. The hydrogel preparation can be performed in one-pot reactor to customer up-scale size necessities.Microencapsulation of Doxorubicin using Chitosan
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/397436
Microencapsulation of Doxorubicin using Chitosan
Puertas, José; López Hernández, Arianne; González Cazorla, Francisco; Giménez Labrador, Manuel; Repeto Baubin, Matias Adrian; Lis Arias, Manuel José
Introduction: For some medical treatments associated with cancer, the invasion of organs is required, which must be done in a totally controlled way to obtain the expected results in the treatment. Today, most medical treatments make use of invasive therapies to combat the affected cancer tissues. Acting in this way also destroys those tissues not affected by the generation of tumor centers that confront the cancer tumor center to be treated.
Methods: To ensure the objective of the treatment, doses of the drug to be administered in a little controlled and free via are used that are ultimately ineffective due to the high degradation of the active compound due to its non-existent stabilization and protection after its passage through the body and consequently possible episodes of phagocytization, responsible for the reticuloendothelial system. It is well known the side effects that one of the most promising anti-cancer molecules, doxorubicin, shows. This is a problem for its use, and one of the possibilities to avoid these desired behaviors, microencapsulation could be a possible approach.
Result: Microencapsulation of drugs allows the design of micro-level structures capable of containing the active agent with sufficient protection and stabilization to be able to reach the target site with the highest possible concentration of drug to be able to be gradually released in its entirety and produce the desired effect in the therapy in a controlled way according to a previously studied kinetic profile, which will allow a type of treatment in which the therapy will be noninvasive due to the high degree of targeting selectivity that the microcapsule allows.
Conclusion: The use of the amine groups present in the chitosan polymer's structure to increase or modify the molecular interactions with doxorubicin is a very interesting aspect that will be treated here. These interactions help to make possible the control and protection of the active principle, as it is shown in the quantification of the drug-delivery behavior of the system made.
2023-11-30T14:42:26ZPuertas, JoséLópez Hernández, ArianneGonzález Cazorla, FranciscoGiménez Labrador, ManuelRepeto Baubin, Matias AdrianLis Arias, Manuel JoséIntroduction: For some medical treatments associated with cancer, the invasion of organs is required, which must be done in a totally controlled way to obtain the expected results in the treatment. Today, most medical treatments make use of invasive therapies to combat the affected cancer tissues. Acting in this way also destroys those tissues not affected by the generation of tumor centers that confront the cancer tumor center to be treated.
Methods: To ensure the objective of the treatment, doses of the drug to be administered in a little controlled and free via are used that are ultimately ineffective due to the high degradation of the active compound due to its non-existent stabilization and protection after its passage through the body and consequently possible episodes of phagocytization, responsible for the reticuloendothelial system. It is well known the side effects that one of the most promising anti-cancer molecules, doxorubicin, shows. This is a problem for its use, and one of the possibilities to avoid these desired behaviors, microencapsulation could be a possible approach.
Result: Microencapsulation of drugs allows the design of micro-level structures capable of containing the active agent with sufficient protection and stabilization to be able to reach the target site with the highest possible concentration of drug to be able to be gradually released in its entirety and produce the desired effect in the therapy in a controlled way according to a previously studied kinetic profile, which will allow a type of treatment in which the therapy will be noninvasive due to the high degree of targeting selectivity that the microcapsule allows.
Conclusion: The use of the amine groups present in the chitosan polymer's structure to increase or modify the molecular interactions with doxorubicin is a very interesting aspect that will be treated here. These interactions help to make possible the control and protection of the active principle, as it is shown in the quantification of the drug-delivery behavior of the system made.