Promising nanocomposites for food packaging based on cellulose-PCL films reinforced by using ZnO nanoparticles in an ionic liquid

Abstract

The fact that most composites consist of polluting synthetic materials has prompted a search for biodegradable replacements based on cellulose fibers and polycaprolactone as potential packaging materials. In this work, we developed a green, efficient approach to rendering hydrophobic polycaprolactone (PCL) compatible with hy- drophilic cellulose fibers by using an ionic liquid as a nanowelding agent in the presence of zinc oxide nano- particles (ZnONPs). Transparent biobased nanocomposite films were thus directly obtained by in situ ring- opening polymerization (ROP) of e-caprolactone (CL) monomers onto the dissolved cellulose matrix by using the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac). [EMIM]Ac and ZnONPs were efficiently catalyzed e-caprolactone ROP under mild conditions. Cellulose-grafted PCL nanocomposite films were obtained by adding variable amounts of CL and ZnONPs to the cellulose matrix. The maximum grafting of 40% was achieved by using 5¦wt% ZnONPs and 70% CL. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of PCL in the nano- composites. Also, FE-SEM revealed uniform dispersion of ZnONPs and PCL in the regenerated cellulose matrix, and trapping of nanoparticles in nanofibrils after the cellulose matrix was regenerated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra showed a decreased apparent crystallinity and crystallite size. The XRD results also confirmed that the crystal properties of the nanocomposite films and an all-cellulose composite (ACC) were almost identical. The mechanical, barrier and optical properties of the nanocomposite films were significantly better than those of the ACC film by effect of the incorporation of ZnONPs and PCL especially with 5¦wt% ZnONPs and 70% CL). The nanocomposite films exhibited acceptable antioxidant activity and UV-light barrier properties, so they hold promise for used in food packaging. Nanocomposite films are in fact multifunctional materials with the potential for use in cellulose-based food packaging by virtue of their being transparent and bio-based, and possessing very good water vapor and oxygen barrier properties.