Nowadays, incumbent operators are deploying GPON FTTH access network over substantial part of the countries in Europe, in a Point-to-Multipoint architecture (P2MP). This architecture is characterized by a shared fiber from the Central Office (C.O.) to a certain location where, by means of splitters, individual fibers carry the signal to/from every user. It is preferable for an open market situation, where the competition in prices and services is desirable and also enforced by local governments and administrations, to have different entry options to the market for the many alternative operators (entrants) which may come up and compete with the incumbent. For that reason, this study aims at considering different unbundling options for the Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) in order to provide multioperator access and consider the economical impact for the entrants to deploy such alternatives. The scope of this study primarily covers remedies to be imposed upon operators designated with Significant Market Power (SMP) on the basis of a market analysis procedure carried out under Article 16 of Directive 2002/21/EC [EUC02a]. However, where it is justified on the grounds that duplication of infrastructure is economically inefficient or physically impracticable, the regulator may also impose obligations of reciprocal sharing of facilities on undertakings operating an electronic communications network in accordance with Article 12 of that Directive which would be appropriate to overcome bottlenecks in the civil engineering infrastructure and terminating segments. This work deals with the following issues: • Alternatives for LLU: although there are several methods, the next three have been considered as they are the most feasible in terms of cost, scalability and upgradeability, in the number of clients and operators. [ALC10a] [FCE11c] [ISD09a] [MAS09a] [ITU08a] [WKC10a] o Move the Splitters Back. o Replicate the Access Network. o Upgrading to WDM technologies. • Results / Comparison: both absolute and incremental costs, starting from a P2MP deployment for the different unbundling strategies. Alternative operators, some of whom have already deployed their own networks to connect to the unbundled copper loop of the SMP operator, need to be provided with appropriate access products in order to continue to compete in an NGA context. For FTTH these may consist of access to civil engineering infrastructure, to the terminating segment, to the unbundled fiber loop (including dark fiber) or of wholesale broadband access, as the case may be. This work, although aiming to be general, takes the relevant data from the Spanish FTTH case. Where remedies imposed on Market 4 lead to effective competition in the corresponding downstream market, in the whole market or in certain geographic areas, other remedies could be withdrawn in the market or areas concerned. Such withdrawal would be indicated, for instance, if the successful imposition of physical access remedies were to render additional bitstream remedies redundant. Moreover, in exceptional circumstances, the regulator could refrain from imposing unbundled access to the fiber loop in geographic areas where the presence of several alternative infrastructures, such as FTTH networks, in combination with competitive access offers on the basis of unbundling, is likely to result in effective competition on the downstream level. [EUC10c]