On the spectra and eigenspaces of the universal adjacency matrices of arbitrary lifts of graphs

Abstract

The universal adjacency matrix U of a graph G, with adjacency matrix A, is a linear combination of A, the diagonal matrix D of vertex degrees, the identity matrix I, and the all-1 matrix J with real coefficients, that is, U=c1A+c2D+c3I+c4J, with ci¿R and c1¿0. Thus, in particular cases, U may be the adjacency matrix, the Laplacian, the signless Laplacian, and the Seidel matrix. In this paper, we develop a method for determining the universal spectra and bases of all the corresponding eigenspaces of arbitrary lifts of graphs (regular or not). As an example, the method is applied to give an efficient algorithm to determine the characteristic polynomial of the Laplacian matrix of the symmetric squares of odd cycles, together with closed formulas for some of their eigenvalues.