Studying the radiation effects on electronic devices is essential for avionics and space systems. The shrinking technology nodes and increasing density of devices enhance the sensitivity of electronic systems to ionizing radiation. Due to their crucial role, memories and processors are the highest contributors to soft errors in systems, making them the best candidates for studying these effects. This work introduces the radiation environment in space and atmosphere and the main effects that the different types of ionizing particles that are present in these environments may produce on electronic devices. Furthermore, mainly focusing on Single-Event Effects (SEEs), it presents approaches and tools for modeling SEEs and their impact on memories and microprocessors. Additionally, experimental results targeting a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf self-refresh Dynamic RAM are presented. These experiments are based on radiation test campaigns in particle accelerators with neutrons and protons. Finally, an overview of issues and mitigation techniques for microprocessors is exposed.