Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica, Marítima i Ambiental (fins octubre 2015)
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/507
2024-03-29T11:46:16ZAssessing the economic suitability of aeration and the influence of bed heating on constructed wetlands treatment efficiency and life-span
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/78083
Assessing the economic suitability of aeration and the influence of bed heating on constructed wetlands treatment efficiency and life-span
Labella, Alessandro; Caniani, Donatella; Hughes Riley, Theodore; Morrison, R; Newton, Michael I.; Hawes, Patrick; Puigagut Juárez, Jaume; García Serrano, Joan; Uggetti, Enrica
Constructed wetlands including aeration and heating were studied to improve treatment efficiency and prevent clogging. The experiments were carried out in a pilot plant (0.4 m(2)) treating urban wastewater with an organic loading rate of 40-60 g COD/m(2) d. Continuous and intermittent aeration was performed from the bottom on 8% of the wetland surface, leading to different dissolved oxygen concentrations within the wetlands (from 0.2 to 5 mg O-2/L). Continuous aeration increased organic matter (COD) and ammonium nitrogen removal by 56% and 69%, respectively. Improvements in wastewater treatment caused by aeration can result in reduction of the surface area requirement of future systems. This work demonstrated that for the studied configuration the cost of the power consumption of the continuous aeration was largely covered by the reduction of the wetlands surface. Even if the heating of 8% of the wetland surface at 21 degrees C had no effects on treatment performance, positive results showed that solids accumulation rate within the granular medium, which is closely related to the development of clogging. It has been demonstrated that heating for 10 days per year during 20 year period would delay the equivalent of 1 year of solids accumulation.
2015-10-21T17:18:17ZLabella, AlessandroCaniani, DonatellaHughes Riley, TheodoreMorrison, RNewton, Michael I.Hawes, PatrickPuigagut Juárez, JaumeGarcía Serrano, JoanUggetti, EnricaConstructed wetlands including aeration and heating were studied to improve treatment efficiency and prevent clogging. The experiments were carried out in a pilot plant (0.4 m(2)) treating urban wastewater with an organic loading rate of 40-60 g COD/m(2) d. Continuous and intermittent aeration was performed from the bottom on 8% of the wetland surface, leading to different dissolved oxygen concentrations within the wetlands (from 0.2 to 5 mg O-2/L). Continuous aeration increased organic matter (COD) and ammonium nitrogen removal by 56% and 69%, respectively. Improvements in wastewater treatment caused by aeration can result in reduction of the surface area requirement of future systems. This work demonstrated that for the studied configuration the cost of the power consumption of the continuous aeration was largely covered by the reduction of the wetlands surface. Even if the heating of 8% of the wetland surface at 21 degrees C had no effects on treatment performance, positive results showed that solids accumulation rate within the granular medium, which is closely related to the development of clogging. It has been demonstrated that heating for 10 days per year during 20 year period would delay the equivalent of 1 year of solids accumulation.Wind variability in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, Ebro River delta)
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/77439
Wind variability in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, Ebro River delta)
Cerralbo Peñarroya, Pablo; Grifoll Colls, Manel; Moré, Jordi; Bravo, Manel; Sairouni, Abdel; Espino Infantes, Manuel
Wind spatial heterogeneity in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, northwestern Mediterranean Sea) is described using a set of observations and modelling results. Observations in three meteorological stations (during 2012–2013) along the coastline reveal that wind from the N–NW (strongest winds in the region) appears to be affected by the local orography promoting high wind variability on relatively short spatial scales (of the order of few kilometres). On the other hand, sea breezes in late spring and summer also show noticeable differences in both spatial distribution and duration. The importance of wind models' spatial resolution is also assessed, revealing that high resolution (= 3 km) substantially improves the results in comparison to coarse resolution (9 km). The highest-resolution model tested (400 m) also presents noticeable improvements during some events, showing spatial variability not revealed by coarser models. All these models are used to describe and understand the spatial variability of the typical wind events in the region. The results presented in this contribution should be considered on hydrodynamic, ecological and risk management investigations in coastal areas with complex orography.
2015-10-07T14:12:01ZCerralbo Peñarroya, PabloGrifoll Colls, ManelMoré, JordiBravo, ManelSairouni, AbdelEspino Infantes, ManuelWind spatial heterogeneity in a coastal area (Alfacs Bay, northwestern Mediterranean Sea) is described using a set of observations and modelling results. Observations in three meteorological stations (during 2012–2013) along the coastline reveal that wind from the N–NW (strongest winds in the region) appears to be affected by the local orography promoting high wind variability on relatively short spatial scales (of the order of few kilometres). On the other hand, sea breezes in late spring and summer also show noticeable differences in both spatial distribution and duration. The importance of wind models' spatial resolution is also assessed, revealing that high resolution (= 3 km) substantially improves the results in comparison to coarse resolution (9 km). The highest-resolution model tested (400 m) also presents noticeable improvements during some events, showing spatial variability not revealed by coarser models. All these models are used to describe and understand the spatial variability of the typical wind events in the region. The results presented in this contribution should be considered on hydrodynamic, ecological and risk management investigations in coastal areas with complex orography.Effect of bacteria density and accumulated inert solids on the effluent pollutant concentrations predicted by the constructed wetlands model BIO_PORE
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/77227
Effect of bacteria density and accumulated inert solids on the effluent pollutant concentrations predicted by the constructed wetlands model BIO_PORE
Samsó Campà, Roger; Blazquez, Jordi; Agullo Chaler, Nuria; Grau Barceló, Joan; Torres Cámara, Ricardo; García Serrano, Joan
Constructed wetlands are a widely adopted technology for the treatment of wastewater in small communities. The understanding of their internal functioning has increased at an unprecedented pace over recent years, in part thanks to the use of mathematical models. BIO_PORE model is one of the most recent models developed for constructed wetlands. This model was built in the COMSOL Multiphysics (TM) software and implements the biokinetic expressions of Constructed Wetlands Model 1 (CWM1) to describe the fate and transport of organic matter, nitrogen and sulphur in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. In previous studies, CWM1 was extended with the inclusion of two empirical parameters (M-bio_max and M-cap) that proved to be essential to provide realistic bacteria growth rates and dynamics. The aim of the current work was to determine the effect of these two parameters on the effluent pollutant concentrations predicted by the model. To that end, nine simulations, each with a different M-bio_max-M-cap pair, were launched on a high-end multi-processor computer and the effluent COD and ammonia nitrogen concentrations obtained on each simulation were qualitatively compared among them. Prior to this study, a finite element mesh optimization procedure was carried out to reduce computational cost. Results of the mesh optimization procedure indicated that among the 5 tested meshes of different element size, the mesh utilized for this model in previous studies represented a fair compromise between output accuracy and computation time. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the value of M-cap has a dramatic effect on the simulated effluent concentrations of COD and ammonia nitrogen, which clearly decreased for increasing values of this parameter. On the other hand, the model output was also sensitive to the values of M-bio_max, but its effects were less important and no clear relation could be established between its value and the simulated effluent concentration of COD and ammonia nitrogen. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2015-10-01T09:18:37ZSamsó Campà, RogerBlazquez, JordiAgullo Chaler, NuriaGrau Barceló, JoanTorres Cámara, RicardoGarcía Serrano, JoanConstructed wetlands are a widely adopted technology for the treatment of wastewater in small communities. The understanding of their internal functioning has increased at an unprecedented pace over recent years, in part thanks to the use of mathematical models. BIO_PORE model is one of the most recent models developed for constructed wetlands. This model was built in the COMSOL Multiphysics (TM) software and implements the biokinetic expressions of Constructed Wetlands Model 1 (CWM1) to describe the fate and transport of organic matter, nitrogen and sulphur in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. In previous studies, CWM1 was extended with the inclusion of two empirical parameters (M-bio_max and M-cap) that proved to be essential to provide realistic bacteria growth rates and dynamics. The aim of the current work was to determine the effect of these two parameters on the effluent pollutant concentrations predicted by the model. To that end, nine simulations, each with a different M-bio_max-M-cap pair, were launched on a high-end multi-processor computer and the effluent COD and ammonia nitrogen concentrations obtained on each simulation were qualitatively compared among them. Prior to this study, a finite element mesh optimization procedure was carried out to reduce computational cost. Results of the mesh optimization procedure indicated that among the 5 tested meshes of different element size, the mesh utilized for this model in previous studies represented a fair compromise between output accuracy and computation time. Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the value of M-cap has a dramatic effect on the simulated effluent concentrations of COD and ammonia nitrogen, which clearly decreased for increasing values of this parameter. On the other hand, the model output was also sensitive to the values of M-bio_max, but its effects were less important and no clear relation could be established between its value and the simulated effluent concentration of COD and ammonia nitrogen. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Impacts on wave-driven harbour agitation due to climate change in Catalan ports
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/77205
Impacts on wave-driven harbour agitation due to climate change in Catalan ports
Sierra Pedrico, Juan Pablo; Casas Prat, Mercè; Moesso, C; Virgili, Marc; Sánchez-Arcilla Conejo, Agustín
The objective of the present work is to analyse how changes in wave patterns due to the effect of climate change can affect harbour agitation (oscillations within the port due to wind waves). The study focuses on 13 harbours located on the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) using a methodology with general applicability. To obtain the patterns of agitation, a Boussinesq-type model is used, which is forced at the boundaries by present/future offshore wave conditions extracted from recently developed high-resolution wave projections in the NW Mediterranean. These wave projections were obtained with the SWAN model forced by present/future surface wind fields projected, respectively, by five different combinations of global and regional circulation models (GCMs and RCMs) for the A1B scenario. The results show a general slight reduction in the annual average agitation for most of the ports, except for the northernmost and southernmost areas of the region, where a slight increase is obtained. A seasonal analysis reveals that the tendency to decrease is accentuated in winter. However, the inter-model variability is large for both the winter and the annual analysis. Conversely, a general increase with a larger agreement among models is found during summer, which is the period with greater activity in most of the studied ports (marinas). A qualitative assessment of the factors of variability seems to indicate that the choice of GCM tends to affect the spatial pattern, whereas the choice of RCM induces a more homogeneous bias over the regional domain.
2015-09-30T14:33:45ZSierra Pedrico, Juan PabloCasas Prat, MercèMoesso, CVirgili, MarcSánchez-Arcilla Conejo, AgustínThe objective of the present work is to analyse how changes in wave patterns due to the effect of climate change can affect harbour agitation (oscillations within the port due to wind waves). The study focuses on 13 harbours located on the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) using a methodology with general applicability. To obtain the patterns of agitation, a Boussinesq-type model is used, which is forced at the boundaries by present/future offshore wave conditions extracted from recently developed high-resolution wave projections in the NW Mediterranean. These wave projections were obtained with the SWAN model forced by present/future surface wind fields projected, respectively, by five different combinations of global and regional circulation models (GCMs and RCMs) for the A1B scenario. The results show a general slight reduction in the annual average agitation for most of the ports, except for the northernmost and southernmost areas of the region, where a slight increase is obtained. A seasonal analysis reveals that the tendency to decrease is accentuated in winter. However, the inter-model variability is large for both the winter and the annual analysis. Conversely, a general increase with a larger agreement among models is found during summer, which is the period with greater activity in most of the studied ports (marinas). A qualitative assessment of the factors of variability seems to indicate that the choice of GCM tends to affect the spatial pattern, whereas the choice of RCM induces a more homogeneous bias over the regional domain.A multivariate model of NW Mediterranean extreme events at present and future climate: hydrodynamics, energy and duration
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76995
A multivariate model of NW Mediterranean extreme events at present and future climate: hydrodynamics, energy and duration
Lin Ye, Jue; García León, Manuel; Gracia Garcia, Vicente; Sánchez-Arcilla Conejo, Agustín
A statistical model of the future wave-extreme-climate under the RCP8.5 Climatic-Change scenario was required. Some variables of interest are energy, unitary energy, peak wave-period, duration, wave direction and growth-decay rates. Hierarchical Archimedean Copulae (HAC) and generalized Pareto distributions (GPD) have been used to model the first four variables, whereas the rest are characterized as individual variables. By examining the statistical model, the most relevant outcomes for future climate are less durable and energetic but more intense storms in the near and far future, an increase of wave peak-period in the far-future at the Roses bay, and a detachment of peak period from energy, unitary energy and duration in the far-future at the Ebre Delta.
2015-09-21T14:37:12ZLin Ye, JueGarcía León, ManuelGracia Garcia, VicenteSánchez-Arcilla Conejo, AgustínA statistical model of the future wave-extreme-climate under the RCP8.5 Climatic-Change scenario was required. Some variables of interest are energy, unitary energy, peak wave-period, duration, wave direction and growth-decay rates. Hierarchical Archimedean Copulae (HAC) and generalized Pareto distributions (GPD) have been used to model the first four variables, whereas the rest are characterized as individual variables. By examining the statistical model, the most relevant outcomes for future climate are less durable and energetic but more intense storms in the near and far future, an increase of wave peak-period in the far-future at the Roses bay, and a detachment of peak period from energy, unitary energy and duration in the far-future at the Ebre Delta.Sorting of a sand-gravel mixture in a Gilbert-type delta
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76660
Sorting of a sand-gravel mixture in a Gilbert-type delta
Ferrer Boix, Carles; Martín Vide, Juan Pedro; Parker, Gary
This paper presents the results of a Gilbert-type delta progradation experiment within an impoundment created by a dam. The delta was composed of a poorly sorted sand-gravel mixture in a bedload-dominated environment. The main goal of the paper is to analyse the sorting process of material within the deposit as the delta progrades towards the dam. Bed profile evolution has been documented and the entire delta has been extensively sampled in order to study sorting processes. Longitudinal and vertical sorting mechanisms are illustrated. What is novel in this investigation is the complete record, within an entire deltaic deposit, of the vertical distribution of streamwise sorting in the absence of suspended load. The data presented herein provide a detailed description of sorting processes in a Gilbert-type delta. The experimental set-up, the water flow and the sediment feed rate chosen determine the evolution of the delta: it initially progrades with little topset aggradation and degrades afterwards. Experimental results fit well with a previously presented empirical sorting model, despite the fact that the experimental conditions used here were well outside the range of those used to derive that model. The relative coarsening of the upper layers of the delta is found to be related to the slow speed at which the delta progrades, the formation of a mobile armour layer and the erosion of the topset towards the end of the run. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the coarsening of the bottom layer of the delta and its front height has been documented and explained: as the delta gets higher, as there is more space to sort sediment, it is more likely that coarse particles failing near the top of the foreset reach the bottom of the foreset. These findings provide new and useful data documenting sediment sorting in granular, bedload-dominated deltas.
2015-09-07T14:35:04ZFerrer Boix, CarlesMartín Vide, Juan PedroParker, GaryThis paper presents the results of a Gilbert-type delta progradation experiment within an impoundment created by a dam. The delta was composed of a poorly sorted sand-gravel mixture in a bedload-dominated environment. The main goal of the paper is to analyse the sorting process of material within the deposit as the delta progrades towards the dam. Bed profile evolution has been documented and the entire delta has been extensively sampled in order to study sorting processes. Longitudinal and vertical sorting mechanisms are illustrated. What is novel in this investigation is the complete record, within an entire deltaic deposit, of the vertical distribution of streamwise sorting in the absence of suspended load. The data presented herein provide a detailed description of sorting processes in a Gilbert-type delta. The experimental set-up, the water flow and the sediment feed rate chosen determine the evolution of the delta: it initially progrades with little topset aggradation and degrades afterwards. Experimental results fit well with a previously presented empirical sorting model, despite the fact that the experimental conditions used here were well outside the range of those used to derive that model. The relative coarsening of the upper layers of the delta is found to be related to the slow speed at which the delta progrades, the formation of a mobile armour layer and the erosion of the topset towards the end of the run. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the coarsening of the bottom layer of the delta and its front height has been documented and explained: as the delta gets higher, as there is more space to sort sediment, it is more likely that coarse particles failing near the top of the foreset reach the bottom of the foreset. These findings provide new and useful data documenting sediment sorting in granular, bedload-dominated deltas.A simple and efficient unstructured finite volume scheme for solving the shallow water equations in overland flow applications
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76558
A simple and efficient unstructured finite volume scheme for solving the shallow water equations in overland flow applications
Cea Gómez, Luis; Bladé i Castellet, Ernest
This paper presents the Decoupled Hydrological Discretisation (DHD) scheme for solving the shallow water equations in hydrological applications involving surface runoff in rural and urban basins. The name of the scheme is motivated by the fact that the three equations which form the two-dimensional shallow water system are discretised independently from each other and thus, the numerical scheme is decoupled in a mathematical sense. Its main advantages compared to other classic finite volume schemes for the shallow water equations are its simplicity to code and the lower computational cost per time step. The validation of the scheme is presented in five test cases involving overland flow and rainfall-runoff transformation over topographies of different complexity. The scheme is compared to the finite volume scheme ofRoe [1986], to the simple inertia formulation [Bates et al., 2010], and to the diffusive wave model. The test cases show that the DHD scheme is able to compute subcritical and supercritical flows in rural and urban environments, and that in overland flow applications it gives similar results to the second order scheme of Roe with a lower computational cost. The results obtained with the simple inertia and diffusive wave models are very similar to those obtained with the DHD scheme in rural basins in which the bed friction and topography dominate the flow hydrodynamics but they deteriorate in typical urban configurations in which the presence of supercritical flow conditions and small scale patterns boost the relevance of the inertial terms in the momentum equations.
An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2015) American Geophysical Union.
2015-09-02T16:43:40ZCea Gómez, LuisBladé i Castellet, ErnestThis paper presents the Decoupled Hydrological Discretisation (DHD) scheme for solving the shallow water equations in hydrological applications involving surface runoff in rural and urban basins. The name of the scheme is motivated by the fact that the three equations which form the two-dimensional shallow water system are discretised independently from each other and thus, the numerical scheme is decoupled in a mathematical sense. Its main advantages compared to other classic finite volume schemes for the shallow water equations are its simplicity to code and the lower computational cost per time step. The validation of the scheme is presented in five test cases involving overland flow and rainfall-runoff transformation over topographies of different complexity. The scheme is compared to the finite volume scheme ofRoe [1986], to the simple inertia formulation [Bates et al., 2010], and to the diffusive wave model. The test cases show that the DHD scheme is able to compute subcritical and supercritical flows in rural and urban environments, and that in overland flow applications it gives similar results to the second order scheme of Roe with a lower computational cost. The results obtained with the simple inertia and diffusive wave models are very similar to those obtained with the DHD scheme in rural basins in which the bed friction and topography dominate the flow hydrodynamics but they deteriorate in typical urban configurations in which the presence of supercritical flow conditions and small scale patterns boost the relevance of the inertial terms in the momentum equations.A MSFD complementary approach for the assessment of pressures, knowledge and data gaps in Southern European Seas: the PERSEUS experience
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76416
A MSFD complementary approach for the assessment of pressures, knowledge and data gaps in Southern European Seas: the PERSEUS experience
Crise, A.; Kaberi, H; Ruiz, J; Zatsepin, A; Arashkevich, E; Giani, M; Jiménez Quintana, José Antonio
PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES.
2015-07-30T15:21:44ZCrise, A.Kaberi, HRuiz, JZatsepin, AArashkevich, EGiani, MJiménez Quintana, José AntonioPERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES.Sustainability of artificial coasts: the Barcelona coast case
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76364
Sustainability of artificial coasts: the Barcelona coast case
Sánchez-Arcilla Conejo, Agustín; García León, Manuel; Gracia Garcia, Vicente
Coastal Zones: Solutions for the 21st Century bridges the gap between national and international efforts and the local needs for actions in communities where coastal zone challenges are faced daily. The solution-oriented approach covers issues of coastal zone management as well as responses to natural disasters. This work provides ideas on how to face the challenges, develop solutions, and localize management of common-pool resources. Coastal Zones targets academic stakeholders and coastal stakeholders who have local knowledge and experience but need a theoretical framework and a greater range of skills to make use of this experience.
2015-07-28T13:47:15ZSánchez-Arcilla Conejo, AgustínGarcía León, ManuelGracia Garcia, VicenteCoastal Zones: Solutions for the 21st Century bridges the gap between national and international efforts and the local needs for actions in communities where coastal zone challenges are faced daily. The solution-oriented approach covers issues of coastal zone management as well as responses to natural disasters. This work provides ideas on how to face the challenges, develop solutions, and localize management of common-pool resources. Coastal Zones targets academic stakeholders and coastal stakeholders who have local knowledge and experience but need a theoretical framework and a greater range of skills to make use of this experience.Coastal sustainability for uncertain futures: a Spanish Mediterranean case from the RISES-AM- project
http://hdl.handle.net/2117/76320
Coastal sustainability for uncertain futures: a Spanish Mediterranean case from the RISES-AM- project
Sánchez-Arcilla Conejo, Agustín; Sierra Pedrico, Juan Pablo; Gracia Garcia, Vicente; García León, Manuel; Jiménez Quintana, José Antonio; Mösso Aranda, César; Valdemoro Garcia, Herminia
This document presents the impacts of future climatic conditions as a function of coastal typology. The impact assessment is carried out at decadal and storm scales showing how such a combination produces the worst levels of damage. From here the implications at a “predictive” scale up to 10 years and at a projective scale up to 10 decades is considered. The resulting impact consequences, normalized by their respective probability of occurrence allow calculating risk levels. For the more clear vulnerability hotspots the proposal in the paper is to use natural accretion mechanisms where the natural power of meteorological and oceanographic events can be put to use to contribute sedimentary inputs to a starving coastal zone. In the same manner the natural adaptive capacity of coastal systems could be enhanced if natural accommodation space is provided or considered for present and future planning. The paper ends with some conclusions on the development of a pathway for efficient responses to climatic change.
2015-07-24T12:13:56ZSánchez-Arcilla Conejo, AgustínSierra Pedrico, Juan PabloGracia Garcia, VicenteGarcía León, ManuelJiménez Quintana, José AntonioMösso Aranda, CésarValdemoro Garcia, HerminiaThis document presents the impacts of future climatic conditions as a function of coastal typology. The impact assessment is carried out at decadal and storm scales showing how such a combination produces the worst levels of damage. From here the implications at a “predictive” scale up to 10 years and at a projective scale up to 10 decades is considered. The resulting impact consequences, normalized by their respective probability of occurrence allow calculating risk levels. For the more clear vulnerability hotspots the proposal in the paper is to use natural accretion mechanisms where the natural power of meteorological and oceanographic events can be put to use to contribute sedimentary inputs to a starving coastal zone. In the same manner the natural adaptive capacity of coastal systems could be enhanced if natural accommodation space is provided or considered for present and future planning. The paper ends with some conclusions on the development of a pathway for efficient responses to climatic change.