Articles de revistahttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/38262024-03-28T16:59:50Z2024-03-28T16:59:50ZPowder bed fusion of high-Mn-N Ni-free austenitic stainless steel: achieving low porosity and high mechanical strength through process parameter selectionTochiro, Leandro AkiraGuimarães Gabriel, André HenriqueTerada, MaysaSpacini de Castro, RenatoNajar Lopes, Éder SócratesÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoMasoumi, Mohammadhttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/4028552024-03-10T05:23:05Z2024-02-23T07:56:15ZPowder bed fusion of high-Mn-N Ni-free austenitic stainless steel: achieving low porosity and high mechanical strength through process parameter selection
Tochiro, Leandro Akira; Guimarães Gabriel, André Henrique; Terada, Maysa; Spacini de Castro, Renato; Najar Lopes, Éder Sócrates; Ávila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo; Masoumi, Mohammad
The emergence of innovative high-performance stainless steels is essential at the forefront of material science. This research highlights the meticulous development of a novel high-Mn-N Ni-free austenitic stainless steel via the powder bed fusion laser–based (PBF-LB) technique. We strategically optimized the laser parameters, achieving ultralow porosity and a refned microstructure with defects under 2%. Comprehensive analysis revealed superior dendritic cellular formations at melt pool boundaries, underlining our method’s precision. Unveiling the strength of this novel steel, sample S11 (scanning speed of 800 mm/s and laser power of 147 W) showed a remarkable tensile strength of 1190±20 MPa and an impressive elongation to fracture of 35±3%. Interestingly, twin formations became evident under external loads, enhancing mechanical resistance while preserving ductility. Advanced quantifcation methods were employed to ensure accuracy, especially for low atomic number elements, overcoming previous measurement constraints. This pioneering study introduces a game-changing austenitic Ni-free stainless steel enriched by Mn and N. It sets a new benchmark in material development and application, synergizing exceptional mechanical attributes with robust ductility.
2024-02-23T07:56:15ZTochiro, Leandro AkiraGuimarães Gabriel, André HenriqueTerada, MaysaSpacini de Castro, RenatoNajar Lopes, Éder SócratesÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoMasoumi, MohammadThe emergence of innovative high-performance stainless steels is essential at the forefront of material science. This research highlights the meticulous development of a novel high-Mn-N Ni-free austenitic stainless steel via the powder bed fusion laser–based (PBF-LB) technique. We strategically optimized the laser parameters, achieving ultralow porosity and a refned microstructure with defects under 2%. Comprehensive analysis revealed superior dendritic cellular formations at melt pool boundaries, underlining our method’s precision. Unveiling the strength of this novel steel, sample S11 (scanning speed of 800 mm/s and laser power of 147 W) showed a remarkable tensile strength of 1190±20 MPa and an impressive elongation to fracture of 35±3%. Interestingly, twin formations became evident under external loads, enhancing mechanical resistance while preserving ductility. Advanced quantifcation methods were employed to ensure accuracy, especially for low atomic number elements, overcoming previous measurement constraints. This pioneering study introduces a game-changing austenitic Ni-free stainless steel enriched by Mn and N. It sets a new benchmark in material development and application, synergizing exceptional mechanical attributes with robust ductility.Local buckling of cold-formed steel trapezoidal sheets: data for finite element model validationCasafont Ribera, MiguelMarimon Viadiu, FredericBové Tous, OriolFerrer Ballester, MiquelCentelles Soler, Xavierhttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/4005572024-01-31T07:50:18Z2024-01-31T07:43:55ZLocal buckling of cold-formed steel trapezoidal sheets: data for finite element model validation
Casafont Ribera, Miguel; Marimon Viadiu, Frederic; Bové Tous, Oriol; Ferrer Ballester, Miquel; Centelles Soler, Xavier
Data is provided from a validation example for a finite element model of a cold-formed steel trapezoidal sheet. The sheet is subjected to bending, failing due to local buckling. The numerical model and the validation procedure are carried out according to the new Eurocode 3 prEN1993-1-14 Design assisted by finite element analysis. Detailed information concerning all aspects needed to reproduce the example is included: (i) the nominal and measured values of the sheet geometry; (ii) the measured material properties of the steel; (iii) the test setup of the validation experiments; (iv) the experimental results; (v) a complete description of the finite element model and solution procedure; and (vi) the finite element results. Additionally, data related to sensitivity studies on the numerical model is also presented, including the effect of the model domain, meshing, and imperfections (shape, magnitude, direction and combinations). Overall, the article aims to provide data and guidance to designers and researchers validating similar numerical models.
2024-01-31T07:43:55ZCasafont Ribera, MiguelMarimon Viadiu, FredericBové Tous, OriolFerrer Ballester, MiquelCentelles Soler, XavierData is provided from a validation example for a finite element model of a cold-formed steel trapezoidal sheet. The sheet is subjected to bending, failing due to local buckling. The numerical model and the validation procedure are carried out according to the new Eurocode 3 prEN1993-1-14 Design assisted by finite element analysis. Detailed information concerning all aspects needed to reproduce the example is included: (i) the nominal and measured values of the sheet geometry; (ii) the measured material properties of the steel; (iii) the test setup of the validation experiments; (iv) the experimental results; (v) a complete description of the finite element model and solution procedure; and (vi) the finite element results. Additionally, data related to sensitivity studies on the numerical model is also presented, including the effect of the model domain, meshing, and imperfections (shape, magnitude, direction and combinations). Overall, the article aims to provide data and guidance to designers and researchers validating similar numerical models.Microstructural and mechanical characterization of additively manufactured parts of maraging 18Ni300M steel with water and gas atomized powders feedstockPeinado, GabrielCarvalho, CaueJardini, AndreSouza, EduardoÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoBaptista, Carloshttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/4001252024-03-10T03:33:23Z2024-01-24T11:33:48ZMicrostructural and mechanical characterization of additively manufactured parts of maraging 18Ni300M steel with water and gas atomized powders feedstock
Peinado, Gabriel; Carvalho, Caue; Jardini, Andre; Souza, Eduardo; Ávila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo; Baptista, Carlos
The demand for manufacturing components with complex geometries, good mechanical properties, and material efficiency has surged across various industries, encompassing aerospace, military, nuclear, and naval sectors. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), as an additive manufacturing (AM) process, has emerged as a promising method for producing ultra-high mechanical strength alloys, like maraging 300 steel (18Ni300M). However, in numerous studies in the literature concerning the effects of processing parameters on the properties of 18Ni300M steel parts fabricated through LPBF, limited attention has been given to the influence that powder atomization methods may exert on the final properties of these parts. This article investigated the effect of gas atomization (GA) and water atomization (WA) processes on the microstructure of 18Ni300M steel powders and the mechanical properties, microstructure, and chemical composition of LPBF-produced parts. The results revealed significant distinctions in the morphology, aggregation degree, and particle size distribution between the GA and WA powders, which directly influenced the microstructure and affected the amount of defects in LPBF-produced parts. Despite the similar mechanical response found in the WA and GA specimens in the elastic region, the samples produced with the WA batch presented a brittle behavior with a ductility of only 4.06%, whereas the GA parts had an elastoplastic behavior with an elongation of 11.52%. The bulks from the WA batch produced in the LPBF process were compromised due to powder contamination with oxygen, which increased gas porosity and effected fragile oxide particles visible on the fracture surface
2024-01-24T11:33:48ZPeinado, GabrielCarvalho, CaueJardini, AndreSouza, EduardoÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoBaptista, CarlosThe demand for manufacturing components with complex geometries, good mechanical properties, and material efficiency has surged across various industries, encompassing aerospace, military, nuclear, and naval sectors. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), as an additive manufacturing (AM) process, has emerged as a promising method for producing ultra-high mechanical strength alloys, like maraging 300 steel (18Ni300M). However, in numerous studies in the literature concerning the effects of processing parameters on the properties of 18Ni300M steel parts fabricated through LPBF, limited attention has been given to the influence that powder atomization methods may exert on the final properties of these parts. This article investigated the effect of gas atomization (GA) and water atomization (WA) processes on the microstructure of 18Ni300M steel powders and the mechanical properties, microstructure, and chemical composition of LPBF-produced parts. The results revealed significant distinctions in the morphology, aggregation degree, and particle size distribution between the GA and WA powders, which directly influenced the microstructure and affected the amount of defects in LPBF-produced parts. Despite the similar mechanical response found in the WA and GA specimens in the elastic region, the samples produced with the WA batch presented a brittle behavior with a ductility of only 4.06%, whereas the GA parts had an elastoplastic behavior with an elongation of 11.52%. The bulks from the WA batch produced in the LPBF process were compromised due to powder contamination with oxygen, which increased gas porosity and effected fragile oxide particles visible on the fracture surfaceSeismic pushover analysis of unbraced adjustable pallet racks in the down-aisle direction. Need for multimode analysisBové Tous, OriolGolla, Vinod KumarOliver Saiz, Maria ElenaBonada Bo, JordiLópez Almansa, Franciscohttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3999232024-01-28T22:18:07Z2024-01-22T08:09:38ZSeismic pushover analysis of unbraced adjustable pallet racks in the down-aisle direction. Need for multimode analysis
Bové Tous, Oriol; Golla, Vinod Kumar; Oliver Saiz, Maria Elena; Bonada Bo, Jordi; López Almansa, Francisco
Modal Pushover Analysis has been proposed to account for the higher modes contribution in seismic analysis of slender structures, such as unbraced racks in the down-aisle direction. In these structures, only single-mode pushover analyses have been used so far. This paper investigates a suite of 96 unbraced representative prototype racks, and six of them are selected to be analyzed through modal pushover analysis. Results show that global damage significantly exceeds that derived from considering the first mode alone, thus proving that higher modes contribution is relevant for racks with low mass participation in the first mode (<90 %).
2024-01-22T08:09:38ZBové Tous, OriolGolla, Vinod KumarOliver Saiz, Maria ElenaBonada Bo, JordiLópez Almansa, FranciscoModal Pushover Analysis has been proposed to account for the higher modes contribution in seismic analysis of slender structures, such as unbraced racks in the down-aisle direction. In these structures, only single-mode pushover analyses have been used so far. This paper investigates a suite of 96 unbraced representative prototype racks, and six of them are selected to be analyzed through modal pushover analysis. Results show that global damage significantly exceeds that derived from considering the first mode alone, thus proving that higher modes contribution is relevant for racks with low mass participation in the first mode (<90 %).On the vaneless space vortex structures in a Kaplan turbine model operating at speed no loadRoig Bauzà, RafelSánchez Botello, XavierMulu, BerhanuHögström, Carl-MaikelEscaler Puigoriol, Francesc Xavierhttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3984932024-02-11T05:15:02Z2023-12-21T11:46:20ZOn the vaneless space vortex structures in a Kaplan turbine model operating at speed no load
Roig Bauzà, Rafel; Sánchez Botello, Xavier; Mulu, Berhanu; Högström, Carl-Maikel; Escaler Puigoriol, Francesc Xavier
The growing installation of intermittent renewable energy sources is forcing hydraulic turbines to work more frequently at speed no load when dangerous vaneless space vortex structures and stochastic flow phenomena can occur. An experimental campaign has been performed in a reduced-scale Kaplan turbine model at speed no load for different combinations of guide vane and runner blade angles under non-cavitation and cavitation conditions. Several simultaneous vaneless space vortex structures, all of them inducing torsional rotor vibrations, have been observed. Nonetheless, only one of them has been found to dominate over the rest depending on the blade and guide vane angles. Off-board pressures, torques and vibrations as well as on-board strains have been measured to characterize their nature, intensity, dynamic behavior and induced structural response. Their precession frequencies have been found to depend on the discharge factor, the number of vortices and their location inside the vaneless space. Under cavitation conditions, their dynamic behavior has not been significantly altered but the induced structural response has increased at the low-pressure side of the turbine.
2023-12-21T11:46:20ZRoig Bauzà, RafelSánchez Botello, XavierMulu, BerhanuHögström, Carl-MaikelEscaler Puigoriol, Francesc XavierThe growing installation of intermittent renewable energy sources is forcing hydraulic turbines to work more frequently at speed no load when dangerous vaneless space vortex structures and stochastic flow phenomena can occur. An experimental campaign has been performed in a reduced-scale Kaplan turbine model at speed no load for different combinations of guide vane and runner blade angles under non-cavitation and cavitation conditions. Several simultaneous vaneless space vortex structures, all of them inducing torsional rotor vibrations, have been observed. Nonetheless, only one of them has been found to dominate over the rest depending on the blade and guide vane angles. Off-board pressures, torques and vibrations as well as on-board strains have been measured to characterize their nature, intensity, dynamic behavior and induced structural response. Their precession frequencies have been found to depend on the discharge factor, the number of vortices and their location inside the vaneless space. Under cavitation conditions, their dynamic behavior has not been significantly altered but the induced structural response has increased at the low-pressure side of the turbine.Numerical analysis of the axial-flexural behavior of CFST columns with active transverse prestressingHu, XiaoAlbareda Valls, AlbertBu, XiangboLópez Almansa, Franciscohttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3980632023-12-17T05:49:14Z2023-12-15T10:24:13ZNumerical analysis of the axial-flexural behavior of CFST columns with active transverse prestressing
Hu, Xiao; Albareda Valls, Albert; Bu, Xiangbo; López Almansa, Francisco
This paper presents a numerical study on the vertical (axial) and lateral (flexure) behavior of CFST (Concrete-Filled Steel Tube) columns with active hoop prestress achieved by bolting together two steel half-tubes. Twelve prototype CFST column specimens differing in the prestressing force (three levels) and in the gravity loading ratio (four levels) are analyzed; they are selected to represent typical ground columns of mid-rise buildings. Their structural behavior is simulated with a nonlinear model implemented in Abaqus; concrete and steel behavior are described with a damage-plasticity and a plasticity model, respectively. The concrete-steel interaction is represented by a hard (compression-only) surface-to-surface contact model. The calculations involve three consecutive loading steps: (i) transverse prestress, (ii) axial force, and (iii) lateral loading (shear force and bending moment). The calculation results show that the axial-flexural capacity of the prototype CFST columns is adequate. However, the hoop prestress benefit on axial compressive performance is not outstanding because the tube transverse Poisson expansion impairs the concrete confinement. The benefit in the flexural performance is smaller, due to the lack of sectional lateral expansion during bending. Preliminary studies on mid-rise buildings equipped with the prototype CFST columns show that their gravity and wind capacities are largely enough; conversely, their seismic strength is sufficient only for moderate earthquakes.
2023-12-15T10:24:13ZHu, XiaoAlbareda Valls, AlbertBu, XiangboLópez Almansa, FranciscoThis paper presents a numerical study on the vertical (axial) and lateral (flexure) behavior of CFST (Concrete-Filled Steel Tube) columns with active hoop prestress achieved by bolting together two steel half-tubes. Twelve prototype CFST column specimens differing in the prestressing force (three levels) and in the gravity loading ratio (four levels) are analyzed; they are selected to represent typical ground columns of mid-rise buildings. Their structural behavior is simulated with a nonlinear model implemented in Abaqus; concrete and steel behavior are described with a damage-plasticity and a plasticity model, respectively. The concrete-steel interaction is represented by a hard (compression-only) surface-to-surface contact model. The calculations involve three consecutive loading steps: (i) transverse prestress, (ii) axial force, and (iii) lateral loading (shear force and bending moment). The calculation results show that the axial-flexural capacity of the prototype CFST columns is adequate. However, the hoop prestress benefit on axial compressive performance is not outstanding because the tube transverse Poisson expansion impairs the concrete confinement. The benefit in the flexural performance is smaller, due to the lack of sectional lateral expansion during bending. Preliminary studies on mid-rise buildings equipped with the prototype CFST columns show that their gravity and wind capacities are largely enough; conversely, their seismic strength is sufficient only for moderate earthquakes.Customary light-gauge steel framing construction with flat strap bracing. Seismicity limits for short to mid-rise buildings in EuropeNavarro Granados, JordiCasafont Ribera, MiguelBové Tous, OriolBonada Bo, JordiLópez Almansa, Franciscohttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3979672023-12-24T04:03:19Z2023-12-14T08:05:58ZCustomary light-gauge steel framing construction with flat strap bracing. Seismicity limits for short to mid-rise buildings in Europe
Navarro Granados, Jordi; Casafont Ribera, Miguel; Bové Tous, Oriol; Bonada Bo, Jordi; López Almansa, Francisco
Ordinary (customary) light gauge steel framing is a convenient construction technology; however, given the studs low axial capacity, it has been considered mainly for low-rise buildings in low seismicity regions. This paper investigates the boundaries of application of this type of steel framing (in moderate and high seismicity areas) by designing the structures of three representative 5, 7 and 10-storey buildings in order to examine their feasibility. The necessity of using built-up columns consisting of two or more sections is investigated. The axial capacity of studs is estimated by code-type analyses. The critical buckling stress is determined with well-known closed-form expressions; as they do not contemplate the flexibility of the screwed connections (in built-up sections), the obtained results are complemented with those of the finite strip method and generalized beam theory formulations.
2023-12-14T08:05:58ZNavarro Granados, JordiCasafont Ribera, MiguelBové Tous, OriolBonada Bo, JordiLópez Almansa, FranciscoOrdinary (customary) light gauge steel framing is a convenient construction technology; however, given the studs low axial capacity, it has been considered mainly for low-rise buildings in low seismicity regions. This paper investigates the boundaries of application of this type of steel framing (in moderate and high seismicity areas) by designing the structures of three representative 5, 7 and 10-storey buildings in order to examine their feasibility. The necessity of using built-up columns consisting of two or more sections is investigated. The axial capacity of studs is estimated by code-type analyses. The critical buckling stress is determined with well-known closed-form expressions; as they do not contemplate the flexibility of the screwed connections (in built-up sections), the obtained results are complemented with those of the finite strip method and generalized beam theory formulations.Efficient crack length measurement using A* shortest path methodology for a phase-field fracture frameworkdo Valle Garcia, MatheusÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoBoldrini, José LuizBittencourt, Marco Luciohttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3962582024-03-10T06:49:33Z2023-11-10T13:47:48ZEfficient crack length measurement using A* shortest path methodology for a phase-field fracture framework
do Valle Garcia, Matheus; Ávila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo; Boldrini, José Luiz; Bittencourt, Marco Lucio
Accurately measuring a crack length is a crucial aspect of experimental fracture tests. In this work, we present
an innovative application of the A* (A-star) shortest path methodology to track different shapes of cracks
from numerical simulations. This approach is highly efficient, significantly improving the speed and accuracy
of crack length measurements. Furthermore, we introduce a modified weight cost function that follows the
crack path in the damage field, enhancing the accuracy of our method. The effectiveness of the proposed
procedure is shown by fabricating damage fields with different geometry and good agreement when
compared to the exact values. In addition, we evaluate a time-dependent crack propagation case, achieving
high accuracy. We present all features and steps of the procedure to showcase its efficacy in accurately
measuring the length of a crack path. Finally, we validate our method using a phase-field fracture framework
and compare it with the compliance technique. The results show that the proposed method is applicable in
finite element analyses with recovering accurate results
2023-11-10T13:47:48Zdo Valle Garcia, MatheusÁvila Díaz, Julián ArnaldoBoldrini, José LuizBittencourt, Marco LucioAccurately measuring a crack length is a crucial aspect of experimental fracture tests. In this work, we present
an innovative application of the A* (A-star) shortest path methodology to track different shapes of cracks
from numerical simulations. This approach is highly efficient, significantly improving the speed and accuracy
of crack length measurements. Furthermore, we introduce a modified weight cost function that follows the
crack path in the damage field, enhancing the accuracy of our method. The effectiveness of the proposed
procedure is shown by fabricating damage fields with different geometry and good agreement when
compared to the exact values. In addition, we evaluate a time-dependent crack propagation case, achieving
high accuracy. We present all features and steps of the procedure to showcase its efficacy in accurately
measuring the length of a crack path. Finally, we validate our method using a phase-field fracture framework
and compare it with the compliance technique. The results show that the proposed method is applicable in
finite element analyses with recovering accurate resultsExperimental and numerical study on the detection of fatigue failure in hydraulic turbinesSánchez Botello, Xavierde la Torre, AdolfoRoig Bauzà, RafelJou Santacreu, EstebanTorre Rodríguez, Óscar de laAyneto Gubert, JavierEscaler Puigoriol, Francesc Xavierhttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3950392024-02-11T05:15:31Z2023-10-18T06:42:16ZExperimental and numerical study on the detection of fatigue failure in hydraulic turbines
Sánchez Botello, Xavier; de la Torre, Adolfo; Roig Bauzà, Rafel; Jou Santacreu, Esteban; Torre Rodríguez, Óscar de la; Ayneto Gubert, Javier; Escaler Puigoriol, Francesc Xavier
Detecting fatigue cracks in hydraulic turbine runners is costly, as it requires to stop the unit, empty it of water and access the runner for inspection. Thus, an alternative way based on monitoring the changes of the structural modal response induced by the formation and growth of a crack has been investigated. To do so, the crack propagation induced by a resonance has been numerically predicted and experimentally machined on a disk-like structure that resembles a Kaplan turbine runner. The analysis of the results shows how the different stages of the fatigue crack growth can be monitored based on the change of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of several specific modes. Based on the obtained results, a Structural Health Monitoring system is going to be designed to monitor the turbine runner modes of vibration without the need to stop and inspect the unit.
2023-10-18T06:42:16ZSánchez Botello, Xavierde la Torre, AdolfoRoig Bauzà, RafelJou Santacreu, EstebanTorre Rodríguez, Óscar de laAyneto Gubert, JavierEscaler Puigoriol, Francesc XavierDetecting fatigue cracks in hydraulic turbine runners is costly, as it requires to stop the unit, empty it of water and access the runner for inspection. Thus, an alternative way based on monitoring the changes of the structural modal response induced by the formation and growth of a crack has been investigated. To do so, the crack propagation induced by a resonance has been numerically predicted and experimentally machined on a disk-like structure that resembles a Kaplan turbine runner. The analysis of the results shows how the different stages of the fatigue crack growth can be monitored based on the change of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of several specific modes. Based on the obtained results, a Structural Health Monitoring system is going to be designed to monitor the turbine runner modes of vibration without the need to stop and inspect the unit.Structural analysis of rack upright frames under a pure compression load by means of a nonlinear Generalized Beam Theory analysisBonada Bo, JordiCasafont Ribera, MiguelBové Tous, OriolLópez Rull, Ignasihttp://hdl.handle.net/2117/3940212023-10-03T06:02:37Z2023-09-26T08:11:49ZStructural analysis of rack upright frames under a pure compression load by means of a nonlinear Generalized Beam Theory analysis
Bonada Bo, Jordi; Casafont Ribera, Miguel; Bové Tous, Oriol; López Rull, Ignasi
Rack uprights are commonly mono-symmetric open thin-walled members with regular perforations along their length. These perforations are used to enable the connection with Rack upright frames of conventional pallet racking systems are obtained by the assembly of uprights and braces or diagonals. Rack uprights are commonly mono-symmetric open thin-walled members with regular perforations along their length. These perforations are used to enable the connection with braces and beams by means of bolts or hooks. The structural behaviour of a rack upright frame under a pure compression load, in which the buckling phenomenon has a relevant influence, depends on several geometrical parameters, such as the column cross-sectional dimensions, perforations characteristics, frame length, distance between braces, etc. Therefore, these particular issues should be considered to perform a proper structural analysis. In this paper, the structural behaviour of a pallet rack frame under a pure compression load is analysed by means of eigenbuckling and geometrically nonlinear Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) analyses. The influence of GBT deformation modes involved in the analysis is discussed. Moreover, different approaches to reproduce the connection between uprights and braces are presented and discussed. Finally, GBT results are compared with beam, shell finite element analysis and experimental values.
2023-09-26T08:11:49ZBonada Bo, JordiCasafont Ribera, MiguelBové Tous, OriolLópez Rull, IgnasiRack uprights are commonly mono-symmetric open thin-walled members with regular perforations along their length. These perforations are used to enable the connection with Rack upright frames of conventional pallet racking systems are obtained by the assembly of uprights and braces or diagonals. Rack uprights are commonly mono-symmetric open thin-walled members with regular perforations along their length. These perforations are used to enable the connection with braces and beams by means of bolts or hooks. The structural behaviour of a rack upright frame under a pure compression load, in which the buckling phenomenon has a relevant influence, depends on several geometrical parameters, such as the column cross-sectional dimensions, perforations characteristics, frame length, distance between braces, etc. Therefore, these particular issues should be considered to perform a proper structural analysis. In this paper, the structural behaviour of a pallet rack frame under a pure compression load is analysed by means of eigenbuckling and geometrically nonlinear Generalized Beam Theory (GBT) analyses. The influence of GBT deformation modes involved in the analysis is discussed. Moreover, different approaches to reproduce the connection between uprights and braces are presented and discussed. Finally, GBT results are compared with beam, shell finite element analysis and experimental values.