http://hdl.handle.net/2117/3941 Wed, 22 May 2013 05:35:18 GMT 2013-05-22T05:35:18Z webmaster.bupc@upc.edu Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Servei de Biblioteques i Documentació no http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19209 Title: ICT based estimation of time-dependent origin-destination matrices Authors: Barceló Bugeda, Jaime; Montero Mercadé, Lídia; Marqués, Laura; Carmona, Carlos Abstract: Time-Dependent Origin-Destination (OD) matrices are a key input to Dynamic Traffic Models, microscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulators are relevant examples of such models, traditionally used to assist in the design and evaluation of Traffic Management and Information Systems (ATMS/ATIS). Dynamic traffic models are also starting to be used to support real-time traffic management decisions. The typical approaches to the time-dependent OD estimation have been based either on ad hoc heuristics using mathematical programming approaches, or on Kalman-Filtering. The advent of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), as for example Automatic Vehicle Location, License Plate Recognition, detection of mobile devices, Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and so on, makes available new types of traffic data of higher quality and accuracy allowing for new modeling hypothesis leading to more computationally efficient algorithms. This paper extends the previous research on Kalman Filtering approaches for Freeway OD estimation using these data, to more complex topologies of urban networks were alternative path choices between origins and destinations are available. Ad hoc procedures based on Kalman Filtering have been designed and implemented successfully and the numerical results of the computational experiments are presented and discussed. Tue, 14 May 2013 12:53:43 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19209 2013-05-14T12:53:43Z Barceló Bugeda, Jaime; Montero Mercadé, Lídia; Marqués, Laura; Carmona, Carlos no Time-Dependent Origin-Destination (OD) matrices are a key input to Dynamic Traffic Models, microscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulators are relevant examples of such models, traditionally used to assist in the design and evaluation of Traffic Management and Information Systems (ATMS/ATIS). Dynamic traffic models are also starting to be used to support real-time traffic management decisions. The typical approaches to the time-dependent OD estimation have been based either on ad hoc heuristics using mathematical programming approaches, or on Kalman-Filtering. The advent of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), as for example Automatic Vehicle Location, License Plate Recognition, detection of mobile devices, Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and so on, makes available new types of traffic data of higher quality and accuracy allowing for new modeling hypothesis leading to more computationally efficient algorithms. This paper extends the previous research on Kalman Filtering approaches for Freeway OD estimation using these data, to more complex topologies of urban networks were alternative path choices between origins and destinations are available. Ad hoc procedures based on Kalman Filtering have been designed and implemented successfully and the numerical results of the computational experiments are presented and discussed. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18719 Title: Twenty-five analogies for explaining statistical concepts Authors: Behar, Roberto; Grima Cintas, Pedro; Marco Almagro, Lluís Abstract: The use of analogies is a resource that can be used for transmitting concepts and making classes more enjoyable. This article presents 25 analogies that we use in our introductory statistical courses for introducing concepts and clarifying possible doubts. We have found that these analogies draw students’ attention and reinforce the ideas that we want to transmit. Tue, 09 Apr 2013 09:54:11 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18719 2013-04-09T09:54:11Z Behar, Roberto; Grima Cintas, Pedro; Marco Almagro, Lluís no The use of analogies is a resource that can be used for transmitting concepts and making classes more enjoyable. This article presents 25 analogies that we use in our introductory statistical courses for introducing concepts and clarifying possible doubts. We have found that these analogies draw students’ attention and reinforce the ideas that we want to transmit. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18691 Title: Optimal electricity market bidding strategies considering emission allowances Authors: Corchero García, Cristina; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier); Cifuentes, Julián Abstract: There are many factors that influence the day-ahead market bidding strategies of a GenCo in the current energy market framework. In this work we study the influence of both the allowances and emission reduction plan and the in- corporation of the derivatives medium-term commitments in the optimal generation bidding strategy to the day-ahead electricity market. Two different technologies have been considered: the coal thermal units, high-emission technology, and the combined cycle gas turbine units, low-emission technology. The operational characteristics of both kinds of units are modeled in detail. We deal with this problem in the framework of the Iberian Electricity Market and the Spanish National Emissions and Allocation Plans. The economic implications for a GenCo of including the environmental restrictions of these National Plans are analyzed Mon, 08 Apr 2013 10:54:18 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18691 2013-04-08T10:54:18Z Corchero García, Cristina; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier); Cifuentes, Julián no There are many factors that influence the day-ahead market bidding strategies of a GenCo in the current energy market framework. In this work we study the influence of both the allowances and emission reduction plan and the in- corporation of the derivatives medium-term commitments in the optimal generation bidding strategy to the day-ahead electricity market. Two different technologies have been considered: the coal thermal units, high-emission technology, and the combined cycle gas turbine units, low-emission technology. The operational characteristics of both kinds of units are modeled in detail. We deal with this problem in the framework of the Iberian Electricity Market and the Spanish National Emissions and Allocation Plans. The economic implications for a GenCo of including the environmental restrictions of these National Plans are analyzed http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18594 Title: Linear-Angle correlation plots: New graphs for revealing correlation structure Authors: Graffelman, Jan Abstract: In multivariate graphics, correlations between variables are often approximated by the cosines of the angles between vectors. In practice, it is difficult to reliably estimate correlations from such displays by eye. In this article, we therefore develop new graphs, called linear-angle correlation plots, that have a linear relationship between correlation and angle, and from which correlation coefficients are read off more easily. Several multivariate datasets are used to illustrate the proposed graphs. The goodness-of-fit properties of the new graphs are compared with standard multivariate methods such as principal component analysis and principal factor analysis. Cosine-based plots typically gave the poorest approximation to the correlation matrix. A linear interpretation rule for the angle often improved the fit. The best fit was generally obtained by principal factor analysis using scalar products to approximate correlations Thu, 04 Apr 2013 07:23:09 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18594 2013-04-04T07:23:09Z Graffelman, Jan no In multivariate graphics, correlations between variables are often approximated by the cosines of the angles between vectors. In practice, it is difficult to reliably estimate correlations from such displays by eye. In this article, we therefore develop new graphs, called linear-angle correlation plots, that have a linear relationship between correlation and angle, and from which correlation coefficients are read off more easily. Several multivariate datasets are used to illustrate the proposed graphs. The goodness-of-fit properties of the new graphs are compared with standard multivariate methods such as principal component analysis and principal factor analysis. Cosine-based plots typically gave the poorest approximation to the correlation matrix. A linear interpretation rule for the angle often improved the fit. The best fit was generally obtained by principal factor analysis using scalar products to approximate correlations http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18478 Title: Semantic clustering based on ontologies: an application to the study of visitors in a natural reserve Authors: Batet, Montserrat; Valls, Aïda; Gibert Oliveras, Karina Abstract: The development of large ontologies for general and specific domains provides new tools to improve the quality of data mining techniques such as clustering. In this paper we explain how to improve clustering results by exploiting the semantics of categorical data by means of ontologies and how this semantics can be included into a hierarchical clustering method. We want to prove that when the conceptual meaning of the values is taken into account, it is possible to find a better interpretation of the clusters. This is demonstrated with the analysis of real data collected from visitors to of a Natural Reserve. The results of our methodology are compared with the ones obtained with a classical multivariate analysis done in the same database. Fri, 22 Mar 2013 10:41:44 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18478 2013-03-22T10:41:44Z Batet, Montserrat; Valls, Aïda; Gibert Oliveras, Karina no The development of large ontologies for general and specific domains provides new tools to improve the quality of data mining techniques such as clustering. In this paper we explain how to improve clustering results by exploiting the semantics of categorical data by means of ontologies and how this semantics can be included into a hierarchical clustering method. We want to prove that when the conceptual meaning of the values is taken into account, it is possible to find a better interpretation of the clusters. This is demonstrated with the analysis of real data collected from visitors to of a Natural Reserve. The results of our methodology are compared with the ones obtained with a classical multivariate analysis done in the same database. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18476 Title: Experiences of simulation use in industrial projects Authors: Fonseca Casas, Pau; Casanovas Garcia, Josep; Montero García, Jordi; Guasch Petit, Antonio Abstract: This paper presents experiences obtained from our involvement in the development of industrial simulation projects. Some important, common questions are covered, such as the need to define model behavior using a conceptual model, the problem of choosing the appropriate tool to code the model, and the validation and verification process required. As we will see, the scope of applicability of simulation is broad and the tools are therefore diverse. A clear understanding of the objectives of the simulation, the client’s aims and the resources at our disposal are key issues that often determine the success of a simulation project. Fri, 22 Mar 2013 10:34:19 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18476 2013-03-22T10:34:19Z Fonseca Casas, Pau; Casanovas Garcia, Josep; Montero García, Jordi; Guasch Petit, Antonio no This paper presents experiences obtained from our involvement in the development of industrial simulation projects. Some important, common questions are covered, such as the need to define model behavior using a conceptual model, the problem of choosing the appropriate tool to code the model, and the validation and verification process required. As we will see, the scope of applicability of simulation is broad and the tools are therefore diverse. A clear understanding of the objectives of the simulation, the client’s aims and the resources at our disposal are key issues that often determine the success of a simulation project. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18474 Title: Post-processing: bridging the gap between modelling and effective decision-support. The Profile Assessment Grid in Human Behaviour Authors: Gibert Oliveras, Karina; Rodríguez Silva, Gustavo; Annicchiarico, Roberta Abstract: The importance of post-processing the results of clustering when using data mining to support subsequent decision-making is discussed. Both the formal embedded binary logistic regression (EBLR) and the visual profile’s assessment grid (PAG) methods are presented as bridging tools for the real use of clustering results. EBLR is a sequence of logistic regressions that helps to predict the class of a new object; while PAG is a graphical tool that visualises the results of an EBLR. PAG interactively determines the most suitable class for a new object and enables subsequent follow-ups. PAG makes the underlying mathematical model (EBLR) more understandable, improves usability and contributes to bridging the gap between modelling and decision-support. When applied to medical problems, these tools can perform as diagnostic-support tools, provided that the predefined set of profiles refer to different stages of a certain disease or different types of patients with a same medical problem, etc. Being a graphical tool, PAG enables doctors to quickly and friendly determine the profile of a patient in the everyday activity, without necessarily understanding the statistical models involved in the process, which used to be a serious limitation for wider application of these methods in clinical praxis. In this work, an application is presented with 4 functional disability profiles. Fri, 22 Mar 2013 10:23:55 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18474 2013-03-22T10:23:55Z Gibert Oliveras, Karina; Rodríguez Silva, Gustavo; Annicchiarico, Roberta no Data mining, Knowledge discovery from databases, Clustering, Logistic regression, Profiles assessment grid, Post-processing, Decision-support, Human behaviour The importance of post-processing the results of clustering when using data mining to support subsequent decision-making is discussed. Both the formal embedded binary logistic regression (EBLR) and the visual profile’s assessment grid (PAG) methods are presented as bridging tools for the real use of clustering results. EBLR is a sequence of logistic regressions that helps to predict the class of a new object; while PAG is a graphical tool that visualises the results of an EBLR. PAG interactively determines the most suitable class for a new object and enables subsequent follow-ups. PAG makes the underlying mathematical model (EBLR) more understandable, improves usability and contributes to bridging the gap between modelling and decision-support. When applied to medical problems, these tools can perform as diagnostic-support tools, provided that the predefined set of profiles refer to different stages of a certain disease or different types of patients with a same medical problem, etc. Being a graphical tool, PAG enables doctors to quickly and friendly determine the profile of a patient in the everyday activity, without necessarily understanding the statistical models involved in the process, which used to be a serious limitation for wider application of these methods in clinical praxis. In this work, an application is presented with 4 functional disability profiles. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18469 Title: Integrating bus stop modeling and simulation in public transport network design: a survey Authors: Codina Sancho, Esteve; Fonseca Casas, Pau; Colls, Màxim; Montero Mercadé, Lídia Abstract: In this paper a survey of public transportation network design and assignment models is presented with the purpose to analyze the level of detail that is considered regarding aspects such as congestion and interaction between bus lines and passengers at stops. After briefly reviewing the route design models in which these aspects are taken into account, a review of transit assignment models and frequency setting models is made in which these factors are considered. Simulation approaches oriented to the evaluation of complex configurations of bus stops used as evaluation tools for the design and planning of bus lines are also described. Because of its relevance, special attention is paid to the so called Advanced Public Transportation Systems. Fri, 22 Mar 2013 09:55:28 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18469 2013-03-22T09:55:28Z Codina Sancho, Esteve; Fonseca Casas, Pau; Colls, Màxim; Montero Mercadé, Lídia no In this paper a survey of public transportation network design and assignment models is presented with the purpose to analyze the level of detail that is considered regarding aspects such as congestion and interaction between bus lines and passengers at stops. After briefly reviewing the route design models in which these aspects are taken into account, a review of transit assignment models and frequency setting models is made in which these factors are considered. Simulation approaches oriented to the evaluation of complex configurations of bus stops used as evaluation tools for the design and planning of bus lines are also described. Because of its relevance, special attention is paid to the so called Advanced Public Transportation Systems. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18422 Title: Assessment of incident management strategies using aimsun Authors: Barceló Bugeda, Jaime; Ferrer, J.; Montero Mercadé, Lídia; Perarnau, Josep Abstract: PRIME (Prediction of Congestion and Incidents in Real Time, for Intelligent Incident Management and Emergency Traffic Management) is a project of the 5ht Framework Program of the European Union which objectives are to develop: methods for estimating incident probability in real-time, which can activate traffic management strategies to reduce the likelihood of incidents, improved systems and algorithms for detecting incidents, an improved integration of incident verification to increase the reliability of incident management, and the integration of aspects of motorway and urban-network incident management strategies to increase the effectiveness of incident and traffic management strategies in urban / interurban areas. This paper deals with the use of microscopic simulation to assess the potential impacts of the incident management strategies. A methodological scheme on how to use simulation to achieve these objectives is presented and the experimental plan for the test site in Barcelona is described and the preliminary testing results are presented. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 17:50:18 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18422 2013-03-19T17:50:18Z Barceló Bugeda, Jaime; Ferrer, J.; Montero Mercadé, Lídia; Perarnau, Josep no PRIME (Prediction of Congestion and Incidents in Real Time, for Intelligent Incident Management and Emergency Traffic Management) is a project of the 5ht Framework Program of the European Union which objectives are to develop: methods for estimating incident probability in real-time, which can activate traffic management strategies to reduce the likelihood of incidents, improved systems and algorithms for detecting incidents, an improved integration of incident verification to increase the reliability of incident management, and the integration of aspects of motorway and urban-network incident management strategies to increase the effectiveness of incident and traffic management strategies in urban / interurban areas. This paper deals with the use of microscopic simulation to assess the potential impacts of the incident management strategies. A methodological scheme on how to use simulation to achieve these objectives is presented and the experimental plan for the test site in Barcelona is described and the preliminary testing results are presented. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18369 Title: Optimal sizing of microgrids: a fast charging station case Authors: Corchero García, Cristina; Cruz Zambrano, Miguel; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier); Cairo Molins, Josep Ignasi; Igualada Gonzalez, Lucia; Romero Ortega, Aitor Abstract: In this work we focus on the optimal design of electric vehicle charging stations. We consider investment, operational costs, physical constraints and different electricity pricing strategies. The size of the various components in the microgrid architecture and the suitability of the storage system are analysed. The electric vehicle charging demand is modelled through a queuing system. Mon, 18 Mar 2013 13:03:39 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18369 2013-03-18T13:03:39Z Corchero García, Cristina; Cruz Zambrano, Miguel; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier); Cairo Molins, Josep Ignasi; Igualada Gonzalez, Lucia; Romero Ortega, Aitor no charging station, electric vehicle, energy storage system, microgrid components optimal size, queuing system In this work we focus on the optimal design of electric vehicle charging stations. We consider investment, operational costs, physical constraints and different electricity pricing strategies. The size of the various components in the microgrid architecture and the suitability of the storage system are analysed. The electric vehicle charging demand is modelled through a queuing system. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18368 Title: A new optimal electricity market bid model solved through perspective cuts Authors: Corchero García, Cristina; Mijangos Fernández, Eugenio; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier) Abstract: On current electricity markets the electrical utilities are faced with very sophisticated decision making problems under uncertainty. Moreover, when focusing in the short-term management, generation companies must include some medium-term products that directly influence their short-term strategies. In this work, the bilateral and physical futures contracts are included into the day-ahead market bid following MIBEL rules and a stochastic quadratic mixed-integer programming model is presented. The complexity of this stochastic programming problem makes unpractical the resolution of large-scale instances with general-purpose optimization codes. Therefore, in order to gain efficiency, a polyhedral outer approximation of the quadratic objective function obtained by means of perspective cuts (PC) is proposed. A set of instances of the problem has been defined with real data and solved with the PC methodology. The numerical results obtained show the efficiency of this methodology compared with standard mixed quadratic optimization solvers. Mon, 18 Mar 2013 12:33:44 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18368 2013-03-18T12:33:44Z Corchero García, Cristina; Mijangos Fernández, Eugenio; Heredia, F.-Javier (Francisco Javier) no AMS90A AMS90B AMS90C On current electricity markets the electrical utilities are faced with very sophisticated decision making problems under uncertainty. Moreover, when focusing in the short-term management, generation companies must include some medium-term products that directly influence their short-term strategies. In this work, the bilateral and physical futures contracts are included into the day-ahead market bid following MIBEL rules and a stochastic quadratic mixed-integer programming model is presented. The complexity of this stochastic programming problem makes unpractical the resolution of large-scale instances with general-purpose optimization codes. Therefore, in order to gain efficiency, a polyhedral outer approximation of the quadratic objective function obtained by means of perspective cuts (PC) is proposed. A set of instances of the problem has been defined with real data and solved with the PC methodology. The numerical results obtained show the efficiency of this methodology compared with standard mixed quadratic optimization solvers. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18051 Title: Factor Analysis Authors: Graffelman, Jan Abstract: Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical method for data reduction that originated in psychometrics and has found applications in many branches of science. The method aims to describe the correlation structure between a large set of observed variables in terms of a few underlying latent variables called factors. Factor analysis employs a specific model, where observed variables are modelled as linear combinations of common factors plus a specific error term. This model can be estimated by using principal components, by using the iterative principal factor method, or by maximum likelihood. After estimation, factors may be rotated in order to improve their interpretation. An example of the application of factor analysis to a set of pollutants in an environmental monitoring study is discussed. Tue, 05 Mar 2013 09:11:32 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18051 2013-03-05T09:11:32Z Graffelman, Jan no Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical method for data reduction that originated in psychometrics and has found applications in many branches of science. The method aims to describe the correlation structure between a large set of observed variables in terms of a few underlying latent variables called factors. Factor analysis employs a specific model, where observed variables are modelled as linear combinations of common factors plus a specific error term. This model can be estimated by using principal components, by using the iterative principal factor method, or by maximum likelihood. After estimation, factors may be rotated in order to improve their interpretation. An example of the application of factor analysis to a set of pollutants in an environmental monitoring study is discussed. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18028 Title: Application to the proximal point algorithm to the general traffic assignment problem Authors: Codina Sancho, Esteve; Montero Mercadé, Lídia Abstract: An adaptation of the proximal algorithm for the traffic assignment problem under a user equilibrium formulation for a general asymmetric traffic network is presented in this paper, following the recently published results of Pennanen regarding convergence under nonmonotonicity. As is well known the problem can be formulated as a variational inequality and the algorithmic solutions developed uptodate guarantee convergence only under too restrictive conditions which are difficult to appear in practice. In this paper new conditions guaranteing convergence are developed and the possibility of including the algorithm on a bilevel scheme is discussed Fri, 01 Mar 2013 10:25:37 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18028 2013-03-01T10:25:37Z Codina Sancho, Esteve; Montero Mercadé, Lídia no An adaptation of the proximal algorithm for the traffic assignment problem under a user equilibrium formulation for a general asymmetric traffic network is presented in this paper, following the recently published results of Pennanen regarding convergence under nonmonotonicity. As is well known the problem can be formulated as a variational inequality and the algorithmic solutions developed uptodate guarantee convergence only under too restrictive conditions which are difficult to appear in practice. In this paper new conditions guaranteing convergence are developed and the possibility of including the algorithm on a bilevel scheme is discussed http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18027 Title: Taxi planning: a multiobjective oriented network design model for on ground aircraft's routing management Authors: Codina Sancho, Esteve; Marín, Ángel Abstract: In this paper a network design model is presented for the problem of how to define an optimal airport topology in order to attend the conflicting movements of the aircrafts on ground during short to medium planning periods and taking into account the dynamic aspects of their interfering movements. Given a set of decision variables affecting the airport’s topology, the model balances a set of conflicting objectives or factors and their results are compared with the routing decisions taken from real data. The model is primarily solved using ”B&B” and the multicriteria approach presented is investigated using real test networks. Fri, 01 Mar 2013 10:05:43 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18027 2013-03-01T10:05:43Z Codina Sancho, Esteve; Marín, Ángel no In this paper a network design model is presented for the problem of how to define an optimal airport topology in order to attend the conflicting movements of the aircrafts on ground during short to medium planning periods and taking into account the dynamic aspects of their interfering movements. Given a set of decision variables affecting the airport’s topology, the model balances a set of conflicting objectives or factors and their results are compared with the routing decisions taken from real data. The model is primarily solved using ”B&B” and the multicriteria approach presented is investigated using real test networks. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18018 Title: Building optisim, optimizador NZEB Authors: Fonseca Casas, Pau; Colls, Màxim; Casanovas Garcia, Josep; Fonseca Casas, Antoni; Garrido Soriano, Núria Abstract: La simulación de la demanda energética de un edificio es una tarea compleja debido principalmente a dos factores clave. En primer lugar, es necesario definir la física y las complejas relaciones entre todos los elementos que pertenecen al modelo. En segundo lugar, es necesario entender estas relaciones por un equipo que normalmente está compuesto por personal con experiencia y formación diferente. En este trabajo, proponemos el uso de un lenguaje formal para representar el comportamiento dinámico de un modelo que representa todo el ciclo de vida de un edificio (diseño, construcción, uso‐mantenimiento y deconstrucción), y técnicas de co‐simulación para combinar motores de simulación diferentes y obtener lo mejor de cada uno. Se presenta un modelo de sostenibilidad, Building OptiSim, de tal manera que permite obtener una solución óptima. El edificio que utilizamos para realizar la simulación es la construcción LOW 3, proyecto presentado en el concurso Solar Decathlon 2010, por la ETSAV (UPC). Thu, 28 Feb 2013 11:46:56 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18018 2013-02-28T11:46:56Z Fonseca Casas, Pau; Colls, Màxim; Casanovas Garcia, Josep; Fonseca Casas, Antoni; Garrido Soriano, Núria no La simulación de la demanda energética de un edificio es una tarea compleja debido principalmente a dos factores clave. En primer lugar, es necesario definir la física y las complejas relaciones entre todos los elementos que pertenecen al modelo. En segundo lugar, es necesario entender estas relaciones por un equipo que normalmente está compuesto por personal con experiencia y formación diferente. En este trabajo, proponemos el uso de un lenguaje formal para representar el comportamiento dinámico de un modelo que representa todo el ciclo de vida de un edificio (diseño, construcción, uso‐mantenimiento y deconstrucción), y técnicas de co‐simulación para combinar motores de simulación diferentes y obtener lo mejor de cada uno. Se presenta un modelo de sostenibilidad, Building OptiSim, de tal manera que permite obtener una solución óptima. El edificio que utilizamos para realizar la simulación es la construcción LOW 3, proyecto presentado en el concurso Solar Decathlon 2010, por la ETSAV (UPC).