http://hdl.handle.net/2117/3579 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 00:33:34 GMT 2013-06-19T00:33:34Z webmaster.bupc@upc.edu Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Servei de Biblioteques i Documentació no http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15045 Title: Analysis of the excavation of a deep drift in a tertiary clay Authors: Vaunat, Jean; Gens Solé, Antonio; de Vasconcelos, R.; Li, X.-L. Abstract: This paper tackles the issues related to the excavation of a horizontal gallery carried out in Boom clay, a tertiary clay that hosts the Underground Laboratory of the Belgium Nuclear Agency (SCK-CEN). The gallery is 85 m long, 5 m wide and connects one of the laboratory access shafts to a horizontal drift drilled from the second access shaft. Displacement and pore water pressure sensors installed from both gallery ends allowed for a detailed monitoring of the hydro-mechanical response of the clay rock before, during and after gallery excavation. A striking feature of the response concerns the strong changes measured in pore water pressure at distances as large as 60m from the excavation front. To explore and discriminate the mechanisms controlling such pore pressure changes, 2D axisymmetric Finite Element hydro-mechanical calculations have been carried out. An elastoplastic constitutive law based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been considered for the material. Several types of analyses have been performed: a) material and stress state are isotropic; b) material is isotropic but stress state is orthotropic and, c) material and stress state are orthotropic. Results allow for explaining the field measurements and identifying the key variables that control the clay response around the drift. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 18:38:38 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15045 2012-02-09T18:38:38Z Vaunat, Jean; Gens Solé, Antonio; de Vasconcelos, R.; Li, X.-L. no This paper tackles the issues related to the excavation of a horizontal gallery carried out in Boom clay, a tertiary clay that hosts the Underground Laboratory of the Belgium Nuclear Agency (SCK-CEN). The gallery is 85 m long, 5 m wide and connects one of the laboratory access shafts to a horizontal drift drilled from the second access shaft. Displacement and pore water pressure sensors installed from both gallery ends allowed for a detailed monitoring of the hydro-mechanical response of the clay rock before, during and after gallery excavation. A striking feature of the response concerns the strong changes measured in pore water pressure at distances as large as 60m from the excavation front. To explore and discriminate the mechanisms controlling such pore pressure changes, 2D axisymmetric Finite Element hydro-mechanical calculations have been carried out. An elastoplastic constitutive law based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been considered for the material. Several types of analyses have been performed: a) material and stress state are isotropic; b) material is isotropic but stress state is orthotropic and, c) material and stress state are orthotropic. Results allow for explaining the field measurements and identifying the key variables that control the clay response around the drift. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15044 Title: Modelling the behaviour of structured London Clay Authors: González, N.A.; Gens Solé, Antonio; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Rouainia, Mohamed Abstract: The paper presents a constitutive modelling of the London clay based on the detailed laboratory knowledge gathered about London clay structure (Hight et al, 2007; Gasparre et al, 2007; Gasparre & Coop, 2008). Modelling was performed using a structured kinematic hardening soil model based on Rouainia & Wood (2000). It was found that a smooth elasto-plastic transition was required to avoid a spurious stiffness degradation response. Consequently, the initial model was modified following a procedure similar to that suggested by Grammatikopoulou et al. (2006). Parameters associated with soil structure and state variables for each lithological sub-unit of the London clay are presented. A good prediction of stress-strain, strength and stiffness behaviour in the small strain range is obtained in spite of the complex behaviour observed in laboratory. The significantly different mechanical behaviours of the lithological sub-units, arising from differences in structure, are adequately reproduced. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 18:35:01 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15044 2012-02-09T18:35:01Z González, N.A.; Gens Solé, Antonio; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Rouainia, Mohamed no London clay, kinematic hardening, stiffness The paper presents a constitutive modelling of the London clay based on the detailed laboratory knowledge gathered about London clay structure (Hight et al, 2007; Gasparre et al, 2007; Gasparre & Coop, 2008). Modelling was performed using a structured kinematic hardening soil model based on Rouainia & Wood (2000). It was found that a smooth elasto-plastic transition was required to avoid a spurious stiffness degradation response. Consequently, the initial model was modified following a procedure similar to that suggested by Grammatikopoulou et al. (2006). Parameters associated with soil structure and state variables for each lithological sub-unit of the London clay are presented. A good prediction of stress-strain, strength and stiffness behaviour in the small strain range is obtained in spite of the complex behaviour observed in laboratory. The significantly different mechanical behaviours of the lithological sub-units, arising from differences in structure, are adequately reproduced. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15043 Title: Coupled analysis of double porosity swelling clays Authors: Gens Solé, Antonio; Guimarães, Leonardo do N; Sánchez, Marcelo; Valleján, Beatriz Abstract: The understanding of the coupled behaviour of highly active swelling clays is better achieved considering two structural levels and their interactions in the context of a double-porosity model. Hydraulic equilibrium between the two porosity levels is not assumed. Applications to hydration swelling tests of bentonite powderpellets mixtures and to the chemomechanical behaviour of bentonites are presented. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 18:30:46 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15043 2012-02-09T18:30:46Z Gens Solé, Antonio; Guimarães, Leonardo do N; Sánchez, Marcelo; Valleján, Beatriz no chemomechanics, coupled processes, double porosity, swelling clays The understanding of the coupled behaviour of highly active swelling clays is better achieved considering two structural levels and their interactions in the context of a double-porosity model. Hydraulic equilibrium between the two porosity levels is not assumed. Applications to hydration swelling tests of bentonite powderpellets mixtures and to the chemomechanical behaviour of bentonites are presented. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14937 Title: Numerical implementation of an elastoplastic model for unsaturated soils Authors: González, Nubia; Gens Solé, Antonio Abstract: This paper describes some issues related to the numerical implementation of a constitutive model for unsaturated soils based on the BBM [1]. The focus of the paper is on the stress variables used and on the numerical algorithms adopted. Conventional stress variable approach (net stress and suction) as well as the approach that takes into account the degree of saturation (Bishop’s stress and suction) are examined. To solve the constitutive stress–strain equations, two stress integration procedures have been implemented, an explicit stress integration scheme with automatic substepping and error control techniques [2] and a fully implicit stress integration scheme based on the Backward-Euler algorithm with substepping [3]. Their performances during the integration of the constitutive laws are compared. Fri, 03 Feb 2012 18:55:55 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14937 2012-02-03T18:55:55Z González, Nubia; Gens Solé, Antonio no Unsaturated soils, constitutive model, integration algorithm, elastoplasticity, stress variables This paper describes some issues related to the numerical implementation of a constitutive model for unsaturated soils based on the BBM [1]. The focus of the paper is on the stress variables used and on the numerical algorithms adopted. Conventional stress variable approach (net stress and suction) as well as the approach that takes into account the degree of saturation (Bishop’s stress and suction) are examined. To solve the constitutive stress–strain equations, two stress integration procedures have been implemented, an explicit stress integration scheme with automatic substepping and error control techniques [2] and a fully implicit stress integration scheme based on the Backward-Euler algorithm with substepping [3]. Their performances during the integration of the constitutive laws are compared. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14935 Title: Smoothing of yield surfaces and a reformulation of multi-surface plasticity Authors: Gesto Beiroa, José Manuel; Gens Solé, Antonio; Vaunat, Jean Abstract: In this work we describe a procedure for the smoothing of non-regular yield surfaces and plastic potential functions. We also present several application examples corresponding to different well-known cases. Moreover, we show that a multi-surface plasticity model can be reduced to a model with a single yield surface by using the same smoothing procedure. Fri, 03 Feb 2012 18:49:51 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14935 2012-02-03T18:49:51Z Gesto Beiroa, José Manuel; Gens Solé, Antonio; Vaunat, Jean no Corners, Yield Surface, Plastic Potential, Multi-Surface Plasticity In this work we describe a procedure for the smoothing of non-regular yield surfaces and plastic potential functions. We also present several application examples corresponding to different well-known cases. Moreover, we show that a multi-surface plasticity model can be reduced to a model with a single yield surface by using the same smoothing procedure. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14934 Title: Generalized plasticity for geomaterials with double structure Authors: Gens Solé, Antonio; Sánchez, Marcelo; Valleján, Beatriz Abstract: The paper presents a double structure constitutive model based on a generalized plasticity formalism. The behaviour of macrostructure, microstructure and their interactions are described. A coupled hydromechanical formulation is then presented that assumes no hydraulic equilibrium between structural levels. Constitutive law and formulation are applied to the simulation of the behaviour during hydration of a heterogeneous mixture of bentonite powder and bentonite pellets. A satisfactory reproduction of observed behaviour is achieved. Fri, 03 Feb 2012 18:43:04 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14934 2012-02-03T18:43:04Z Gens Solé, Antonio; Sánchez, Marcelo; Valleján, Beatriz no Generalized plasticity, double structure, swelling clays, sealing material The paper presents a double structure constitutive model based on a generalized plasticity formalism. The behaviour of macrostructure, microstructure and their interactions are described. A coupled hydromechanical formulation is then presented that assumes no hydraulic equilibrium between structural levels. Constitutive law and formulation are applied to the simulation of the behaviour during hydration of a heterogeneous mixture of bentonite powder and bentonite pellets. A satisfactory reproduction of observed behaviour is achieved. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14933 Title: A structured constitutive model for simulating the behaviour of an overconsolidated bonded clay Authors: González, Nubia; Gens Solé, Antonio; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Rouainia, Mohamed Abstract: The paper presents some improvements in the formulation of a kinematic hardening constitutive soil model incorporating structure initially proposed for soft clays. For the modelling of overconsolidated bonded clay the elastic formulation was deemed more important. Two different alternatives, one purely empirically based the other with a background in thermodynamics were implemented. It was also found that a smooth elasto-plastic transition was required to avoid a spurious stiffness degradation response. Consequently, the hardening modulus formulation of the model was modified. The paper presents some results from a parametric analysis of the triaxial drained response of a material tailored to mimic London clay. The results chosen do not show a major difference between the chosen alternative elastic formulations, although both do improve the original model response. On the other hand the importance of ensuring a smooth elasto-plastic transition is clearly highlighted. Fri, 03 Feb 2012 18:37:44 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14933 2012-02-03T18:37:44Z González, Nubia; Gens Solé, Antonio; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Rouainia, Mohamed no Structure, London clay, Kinematic Hardening, Clay -- Stiffness The paper presents some improvements in the formulation of a kinematic hardening constitutive soil model incorporating structure initially proposed for soft clays. For the modelling of overconsolidated bonded clay the elastic formulation was deemed more important. Two different alternatives, one purely empirically based the other with a background in thermodynamics were implemented. It was also found that a smooth elasto-plastic transition was required to avoid a spurious stiffness degradation response. Consequently, the hardening modulus formulation of the model was modified. The paper presents some results from a parametric analysis of the triaxial drained response of a material tailored to mimic London clay. The results chosen do not show a major difference between the chosen alternative elastic formulations, although both do improve the original model response. On the other hand the importance of ensuring a smooth elasto-plastic transition is clearly highlighted. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14539 Title: El túnel de Lilla Authors: Alonso Pérez de Agreda, Eduardo; Ramon Tarragona, Anna Abstract: Las arcillas sulfatadas pueden experimentar fenómenos expansivos graves como consecuencia de excavaciones. La intensidad del comportamiento expansivo observado en estos materiales es mayor que en otras rocas y suelos expansivos libres de sulfatos. En la mayoría de casos la funcionalidad y estabilidad de los túneles se ven afectadas. Investigaciones de campo y ensayos de laboratorio muestran que, en general, el desarrollo de deformaciones y altas presiones en rocas sulfatadas está asociado al crecimiento de cristales de yeso en discontinuidades. El crecimiento de cristales de yeso es una consecuencia de la sobresaturación del agua del macizo en sulfatos. Los datos de campo que avalan esta interpretación tienen un ejemplo sobresaliente en el túnel de Lilla (Tarragona), que ha sufrido graves problemas de hinchamiento tras su construcción. Aunque el fenómeno de hinchamiento en túneles que atraviesan materiales yesíferos se ha descrito y analizado cualitativamente a menudo, la predicción de deformaciones y presiones de hinchamiento sigue siendo una tarea difícil. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado un modelo de cálculo hidro-mecánico acoplado que permite predecir hinchamientos en excavaciones en arcillas sulfatadas durante la etapa de diseño. Se concluye con una descripción del diseño de la sección resistente del túnel de Lilla, a partir de datos de campo de presiones experimentadas por el revestimiento en secciones de prueba. Fri, 13 Jan 2012 18:14:41 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14539 2012-01-13T18:14:41Z Alonso Pérez de Agreda, Eduardo; Ramon Tarragona, Anna no Las arcillas sulfatadas pueden experimentar fenómenos expansivos graves como consecuencia de excavaciones. La intensidad del comportamiento expansivo observado en estos materiales es mayor que en otras rocas y suelos expansivos libres de sulfatos. En la mayoría de casos la funcionalidad y estabilidad de los túneles se ven afectadas. Investigaciones de campo y ensayos de laboratorio muestran que, en general, el desarrollo de deformaciones y altas presiones en rocas sulfatadas está asociado al crecimiento de cristales de yeso en discontinuidades. El crecimiento de cristales de yeso es una consecuencia de la sobresaturación del agua del macizo en sulfatos. Los datos de campo que avalan esta interpretación tienen un ejemplo sobresaliente en el túnel de Lilla (Tarragona), que ha sufrido graves problemas de hinchamiento tras su construcción. Aunque el fenómeno de hinchamiento en túneles que atraviesan materiales yesíferos se ha descrito y analizado cualitativamente a menudo, la predicción de deformaciones y presiones de hinchamiento sigue siendo una tarea difícil. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado un modelo de cálculo hidro-mecánico acoplado que permite predecir hinchamientos en excavaciones en arcillas sulfatadas durante la etapa de diseño. Se concluye con una descripción del diseño de la sección resistente del túnel de Lilla, a partir de datos de campo de presiones experimentadas por el revestimiento en secciones de prueba. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12894 Title: CO2 injection in deep saline sloping aquifers through a vertical well Authors: Vilarrasa Riaño, Víctor; Olivella Pastallé, Sebastià; Carrera Ramírez, Jesús Fri, 08 Jul 2011 07:24:18 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12894 2011-07-08T07:24:18Z Vilarrasa Riaño, Víctor; Olivella Pastallé, Sebastià; Carrera Ramírez, Jesús no http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12414 Title: Evaluation of the susceptibility to failure of rocky slopes based on the SMR index Authors: Corominas Dulcet, Jordi; Mavrouli, Olga Christina Thu, 21 Apr 2011 15:17:55 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12414 2011-04-21T15:17:55Z Corominas Dulcet, Jordi; Mavrouli, Olga Christina no http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12189 Title: Influence of cracking in the desiccation process of clay soils Authors: Levatti, Hector Ulises; Prat Catalán, Pere; Ledesma Villalba, Alberto Abstract: It is well known that clayey soils undergoing desiccation tend to shrink and eventually crack. Analysis of the behaviour and influence of cracks in these types of soils is very important in several engineering fields such as mine tailing dams, long-term radioactive waste storage, impervious core of earth dams, and in any situation where clay is used as a barrier to fluid flow. Loss of humidity and cracking changes the permeability of such barriers that may no longer work properly and pose potentially high risks to property and lives. This paper presents an analysis of cracking during drying of soils using a computer code de-veloped within the framework of the finite element and finite differences methods. A study of the influence of crack initiation and propagation in the desiccation process is also undertaken, with a comparative analysis of the phenomenon both with and without crack generation that allows some preliminary conclusions about the desiccation problem. The computer code has been implemented within the MatLab environment. The formulation is based on the principles of the unsaturated soil mechanics and the mechanics of a continuum medium. The partial differential equations that govern the problem are solved using the finite element (Galerkin) method in space and the finite differences method, using the Crank-Nicholson scheme, in time. Further developments of the code will include fracture mechanics principles to simulate crack propagation. Thu, 31 Mar 2011 14:10:14 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12189 2011-03-31T14:10:14Z Levatti, Hector Ulises; Prat Catalán, Pere; Ledesma Villalba, Alberto no desiccation, curling, state surfaces, fracture mechanics, boundary value problems It is well known that clayey soils undergoing desiccation tend to shrink and eventually crack. Analysis of the behaviour and influence of cracks in these types of soils is very important in several engineering fields such as mine tailing dams, long-term radioactive waste storage, impervious core of earth dams, and in any situation where clay is used as a barrier to fluid flow. Loss of humidity and cracking changes the permeability of such barriers that may no longer work properly and pose potentially high risks to property and lives. This paper presents an analysis of cracking during drying of soils using a computer code de-veloped within the framework of the finite element and finite differences methods. A study of the influence of crack initiation and propagation in the desiccation process is also undertaken, with a comparative analysis of the phenomenon both with and without crack generation that allows some preliminary conclusions about the desiccation problem. The computer code has been implemented within the MatLab environment. The formulation is based on the principles of the unsaturated soil mechanics and the mechanics of a continuum medium. The partial differential equations that govern the problem are solved using the finite element (Galerkin) method in space and the finite differences method, using the Crank-Nicholson scheme, in time. Further developments of the code will include fracture mechanics principles to simulate crack propagation. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12025 Title: Analysis of ground movements induced by diaphragm wall installation Authors: Garitte, Benoit; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio Abstract: The construction process of diaphragm walls can lead to movements in the surrounding area that are seldom taken into account. However, these movements may be important in situations where soft soils dominate. In this paper, after briefly reviewing the state of the art on this issue, we present results of a hydromechanical simulation of the problem in a case located in deltaic soils of Barcelona. The auscultation record of the settlements of a nearby building is employed to validate the computational model. Panel length and bentonite slurry level were found to be the most influent parameters on induced displacements. Tue, 22 Mar 2011 19:38:37 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12025 2011-03-22T19:38:37Z Garitte, Benoit; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio no The construction process of diaphragm walls can lead to movements in the surrounding area that are seldom taken into account. However, these movements may be important in situations where soft soils dominate. In this paper, after briefly reviewing the state of the art on this issue, we present results of a hydromechanical simulation of the problem in a case located in deltaic soils of Barcelona. The auscultation record of the settlements of a nearby building is employed to validate the computational model. Panel length and bentonite slurry level were found to be the most influent parameters on induced displacements. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12024 Title: Size effects on a virtual calibration chamber Authors: Butlanska, Joanna; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio Abstract: Virtual Calibration Chambers (VCC) are 3D-DEM models where cone penetration is simulated. They offer the possibility of substituting for the rather more expensive physical calibration chambers. One important issue in calibration chamber interpretation is the possibility of chamber size effect under different boundary conditions. The aim of this study was to explore chamber size effects under BC1 and BC3 conditions on the VCC. The chamber and cone diameters and boundary conditions were varied to investigate their effects on cone tip resistance. The scaling laws that are obtained from the VCC results are then compared with those previously obtained with physical calibration chambers. Tue, 22 Mar 2011 19:27:50 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12024 2011-03-22T19:27:50Z Butlanska, Joanna; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio no Virtual Calibration Chambers (VCC) are 3D-DEM models where cone penetration is simulated. They offer the possibility of substituting for the rather more expensive physical calibration chambers. One important issue in calibration chamber interpretation is the possibility of chamber size effect under different boundary conditions. The aim of this study was to explore chamber size effects under BC1 and BC3 conditions on the VCC. The chamber and cone diameters and boundary conditions were varied to investigate their effects on cone tip resistance. The scaling laws that are obtained from the VCC results are then compared with those previously obtained with physical calibration chambers. http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12021 Title: Virtual Calibration Chamber CPT on Ticino sand Authors: Butlanska, Joanna; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio Abstract: The following paper surnmarizes results of CPT's performed in virtual calibration chamber (VCC) built with a 3D model based on the distinct element method (DEM). A discrete material tailored to mimic Ticino sand is tested at different densities, stress and stress history. The limit cone tip resistance from the numerical experiments shows quantitative agreement with different empirical curves summarizing previous tests on Ticino sand in physical calibration chambers (ENEL and ISMES). Tue, 22 Mar 2011 18:50:26 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12021 2011-03-22T18:50:26Z Butlanska, Joanna; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio no The following paper surnmarizes results of CPT's performed in virtual calibration chamber (VCC) built with a 3D model based on the distinct element method (DEM). A discrete material tailored to mimic Ticino sand is tested at different densities, stress and stress history. The limit cone tip resistance from the numerical experiments shows quantitative agreement with different empirical curves summarizing previous tests on Ticino sand in physical calibration chambers (ENEL and ISMES). http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12019 Title: Mapping deformation during CPT in a virtual calibration chamber Authors: Butlanska, Joanna; O'Sullivan, C.; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio Abstract: This paper analyses results from a three dimensional discrete element method simulation of the cone penetration test in a "Virtual Calibration Chamber" (VCC). The deformation patterns in the soil adjacent to the cone during penetration are considered. While some insight can certainly be achieved by visualization of the discrete particle displacements, typically in geomechanics our interpretations of material response are in terms of (continuum) strains. Here a local, non-linear, wavelet based approach is used to calculate the strain distribution within the VCC. This method was found to represent effectively strain fields as penetration proceeds. The axial symmetry of the system at the macro level is c1early evidenced by the strain plots. Tue, 22 Mar 2011 18:40:35 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12019 2011-03-22T18:40:35Z Butlanska, Joanna; O'Sullivan, C.; Arroyo Alvarez de Toledo, Marcos; Gens Solé, Antonio no DEM, calibration chamber, penetration, di splacel11ents, strains This paper analyses results from a three dimensional discrete element method simulation of the cone penetration test in a "Virtual Calibration Chamber" (VCC). The deformation patterns in the soil adjacent to the cone during penetration are considered. While some insight can certainly be achieved by visualization of the discrete particle displacements, typically in geomechanics our interpretations of material response are in terms of (continuum) strains. Here a local, non-linear, wavelet based approach is used to calculate the strain distribution within the VCC. This method was found to represent effectively strain fields as penetration proceeds. The axial symmetry of the system at the macro level is c1early evidenced by the strain plots.