http://hdl.handle.net/2117/3710 2013-05-22T10:16:36Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19356 Title: Effects of non-toxic solvent microemulsion in washing wool Authors: Carrión Fité, Francisco Javier Abstract: This work studies the detersive power and redeposition of impurities after washing standard wool fabrics with a non-toxic solvent microemulsion added to the conventional washing formulations in order improve the results of conventional washing. The solvent was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS), emulsified and micro-dispersed with amphoteric surfactant. The fabric was washed using non-ionic surfactants, alcohol ethoxylate (AE-7) with 7 m. E.O. and an alkyl polyglucoside (APG). Detersive power was studied as function of those surfactants and their differing proportions in mixture. Detersive power was potentiated by addition sodium carbonate and sodium chloride as builders, and it was likewise studied under the influence of the salts with different water hardness used in the tests. A sequestering agent, DTPMP, was used to improve the results for detergency. The tensile strength and burst strength of the wool fabric washed with those surfactants and the microdispersed DMS with repeated washes was assessed. With those non-ionic surfactants used in the same programmed washing tests, the redeposition of a solid impurity, namely carbon black, during the washing was also studied, and a notable decrease of redeposition was attained with addition of the microemulsified DMS, which was also observed with the additional use of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS). In order to predict the stability of the particles of carbon black and the particles of DMS in the washing bath, the size of those particles was determined 2013-05-20T09:29:34Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19355 Title: Washing wool with surfactants and a non-toxic solvent microemulsion: influence of water hardness Authors: Carrión Fité, Francisco Javier Abstract: In this work, detersive power (soil removal) was studied after washing a soiled wool fabric with addition of a non-toxic solvent microemulsion to conventional washing detergent formulations with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional washing. The non-toxic solvent used was dimethyl sulfoxide micro-dispersed with an amphoteric surfactant as emulsifier. The fabric was washed with biodegradable non-ionic surfactants such as an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with 7 mE.O. and an alkyl polyglucoside with 1.4 glucoside groups (APG). The fabric used was EMPA 107 wool (soiled with standard impurities). The non-ionic surfactants were used separately and in mixture in varying proportions for the washes. Given the large amount of impurities in the wool fabric, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were used to attain a suitable pH to avoid damaging the wool. The fabric was washed at low temperature with water of different hardness (20º hf, 30º hf and 40º hf). In addition, the sequestering agent DTPMP was used to obtain an improvement of detersive power at the hardness of 40º hf 2013-05-20T09:06:53Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19094 Title: Comportamiento y propiedades de las fibras de polilactida (PLA) durante su procesado y uso Authors: Cayuela Marín, Diana; Manich Bou, Albert M. 2013-05-03T13:04:02Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/18618 Title: The PVP/VI copolymer dye transfer inhibition agent during the washing of the polyester fabric Authors: Carrión Fité, Francisco Javier Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the effect of the copolymer polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinylimidazole (PVP/VI) for use as a dye transfer inhibitor (DTI) during the washing of dyed polyester fabric, depending on the detergent components. The DTI was used to find its efficiency during repeated washings of polyester fabric dyed with disperse dyes. At the same time, its efficiency was tested fer preventing dye migration to other fabrics, such as polyester, cellulose diacetate, acrylic, polyamide, cotton and wool. The influence of anionic (SDBS) and non-ionic (alkyl ethoxylates with 6 EO-groups) surfactants in different proportions and with zeolite as a builder and the aforementioned DTI was tested. Results of CIELAB colour differences were obtained for the dyed and undyed polyester fabrics after five washings 2013-04-04T13:50:03Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/17419 Title: Effect of continuous post-setting on crystallinity and thermomechanical behaviour of False-Twist Textured Polylactide multifilaments Authors: Manich Bou, Albert M.; Carilla Auguet, Josep; López Santana, Daniel; Baena, Barbara; Riba Moliner, Marta; Prieto Fuentes, María Remedios; Montero Palacios, Lucila; Cayuela Marín, Diana Abstract: Polylactide (PLA) multifilaments, false-twist textured at different temperatures (135, 150 and 165ºC) and draw ratios (1.30, 1.35 and 1.40) have been stabilized by a continuous post setting treatment at 50 m/min and 100ºC using a specially designed chamber. The crystallinity of the original textured filaments and those of the stabilized ones has been measured. The effect of post setting on the thermomechanical behaviour according to the texturing conditions has been studied. The relationship between crystallinity and both relaxation shrinkage and maximum phase lag temperature have been pointed out 2013-01-18T11:59:58Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/17326 Title: Evaluation of durability to wet/dry cycling of cement mortar composites reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose Authors: Ardanuy Raso, Mònica; Claramunt Blanes, Josep; Tolêdo Filho, Romidlo Dias Abstract: In this work, the evaluation of the durability to wet/dry cycling exposure of cement composites reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose comparing the results with composites reinforced with conventional cellulose fibres at the micro-scale level has been performed. For this purpose, cement mortar composites reinforced with cellulose fibres from conventional sisal pulp and cellulose nanofibres prepared by the application of a high intensity refining process have been prepared. The mechanical performance of the composites prepared was tested after 7 days of cure treatment and after 5 wet/dry cycles. The cement mortar composites reinforced with the nanofibrillated cellulose exhibited higher flexural strenght and flexural modulus but lover values of fracture energy than the ones reinforced with the conventional sisal fibres. No significant improvements of the durability were found for the composites prepared with nanofibrillated cellulose 2013-01-14T11:17:25Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16776 Title: Almidón termoplástico celular reforzado con fibras naturales: Una opción biodegradable para el envasado de alimentos Authors: López Gil, Alberto; Belluci, F.S.; Ardanuy Raso, Mònica; Rodríguez-Pérez, Miguel Ángel; Saja, José Antonio de Abstract: Los bioplasticos representan un interesante sector en el mundo de los materiales y actualmente son objeto de un profundo estudio tanto desde el punto de vista académico como tecnológico. Ello es debido principalmente a su origen natural y a su caoacidad de biodegradabilidad en condiciones controladas. El almidón es un prototipo de estos materiales y algunas de sus aplicaciones son uno de los temas analizados por nuestro grupo de investigación CellMat. Concretamente nos hemos centrado en las aplicaciones de este polímero como sólido celular y en el campo del envasado de productos alimenticios. Como método de fabricación se ha empleado una tecnología novedosa de espumado mediante radiación microondas. Además, como agentes de refuerzo para mejorar sus propiedades mecánicas se han recurrido a fibras naturales procedentes de la paja de cebada y de los hollejos de la uva 2012-10-22T13:40:42Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16480 Title: Nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement for high performance cement mortar composites Authors: Ardanuy Raso, Mònica; Claramunt Blanes, Josep; Parés Sabatés, Ferran; Aracri, Elisabetta; Vidal Lluciá, Teresa Abstract: In this work, the preparation and characterization of new cement mortars reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose fibres has been carried out. The effect of the fibre fibrillation degree on the mechanical performance of the obtained composites is presented and analyzed, taking into account the reinforcement final size depending on the intensity of the mechanical treatment applied. On the one hand, conventional pulps have been obtained by subjecting sisal fibres to a soft mechanical treatment and, on the other hand, nanofibrillated cellulose pulps have been prepared by the application of a high intensity refining process. These pulps were incorporated and homogenously dispersed in cement mortars, and subsequently, the resulting pastes were cured for 28 days. The mechanical performance of the different composites was determined by flexure tests 2012-09-13T09:11:54Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16392 Title: Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as a potential reinforcement for high performance cement mortar composites Authors: Ardanuy Raso, Mònica; Claramunt Blanes, Josep; Arévalo Peces, Raquel; Parés Sabatés, Ferran; Aracri, Elisabetta; Vidal Lluciá, Teresa Abstract: In this work, nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has been evaluated as a potential reinforcement for cement mortar composites. Two types of vegetable fibres with different composition and properties (cellulose content and microfibrillar angle), sisal, and cotton linters pulps, were initially characterized in order to assess their reinforcement capability. Sisal pulp was found to be most suitable as reinforcement for their brittle cementitious matrix. Nanofibrillated cellulose was produced by the application of a high intensity refining process of the sisal pulp. It was found that 6 hours of refining time was required to obtain the desired nanofibrillation of the fibers. Cement mortar composites reinforced with both the sisal fibers and the nanofibrillated cellulose were prepared, and the mechanical properties were determined under flexural test. The cement mortar composites reinforced with the nanofibrillated cellulose exhibited enhanced flexural properties, but lower values of fracture energy, than the ones reinforced with the conventional sisal fibres. 2012-08-28T08:27:11Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16242 Title: Influence of the dye transfer inhibitors for the washing of softened cotton fabric Authors: Carrión Fité, Francisco Javier Abstract: In this work the performance of several DTI copolymers (PVP, PVNO and PVNO with PVP) was tested for use as dye transfer inhibitors in washing softened undyed cotton fabric, in the presence of a direct dye in the washing bath, with and without water hardness. Three direct dyes were tested: red, blue and yellow. The detergent used was composed of an LAS anionic surfactant and a non-ionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with 7 m.OE, both separately and in the different molar proportions anionic with non ionic, at a total concentration of 5 x 10-3 M, and in the presence of zeolite as a builder. Washing temperature was 40ºC and washing time was 30 minutes. Staining of the softened undyed cotton fabric was assessed as the CIELAB colour differences between the original fabric and the stained fabric after washing.The different DTIs and the dye in the washing bath with and without water hardness were tested 2012-07-12T11:14:57Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15759 Title: Foaming behavior, cellular structure and physical properties of polybenzoxazine foams Authors: Ardanuy Raso, Mònica; Rodríguez-Pérez, Miguel Ángel; Saja, José Antonio de; Velasco Perero, José Ignacio Abstract: In this paper, polymer foams based on a benzoxazine resin have been successfully prepared using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as a chemical blowing agent and have been characterized regarding their foaming behavior, cellular structure, and physical properties. The effect of the ADC on the curing process of the resin was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and blowing agent decomposition was followed by thermogravitmetric analysis (TGA). The characterization of the cellular structure of the foamed samples was done using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the foams were determined using compression tests and the thermal conductivity was assessed using the transient plane source method. The results indicated that the curing process and gas release took place in a similar time interval. The foams showed an isotropic cellular structure with relative densities in the range 0.35–0.60, and showed compressive strengths and compressive moduli in the range of 10–70 MPa and 400–1100 MPa, respectively. Thermal conductivities were in the range of 0.06–0.12 W m−1K−1. The findings in this paper demonstrate the possibility of producing polybenzoxazine foams using a simple process in which curing and foaming take place simultaneously. In addition, the mechanical characterization of these materials indicates that they are suitable for structural applications. 2012-04-25T12:10:01Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15745 Title: Deposition of direct dyes in washing of cotton fabric with ecological surfactants Authors: Carrión Fité, Francisco Javier Abstract: In this work the performance of several DTI copolymers (PVP, PV betaine, PVNO and PVNO with PVP) was tested for use as dye transfer inhibitors in washing undyed cotton fabric, in the presence of a direct dye in the washing bath. Three direct dyes were tested: red, blue and yellow. The detergent used was composed of an LAS anionic surfactant and a non-ionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant with 7 m.OE, both separately and in the different molar proportions anionic with non ionic, at a total concentration of 5 x 10-3 M, and in the presence of zeolite as a builder. Washing temperature was 40ºC and washing time was 30 minutes. Staining of the undyed cotton fabric was assessed as the CIELAB colour differences between the original fabric and the stained fabric after washing, with and without the different DTIs tested and the dye in the washing bath. 2012-04-19T10:06:02Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15687 Title: Aplicación del ensayo de solubilidad diferencial a la caracterización de la estructura fina de las fibras químicas Authors: Gacén Guillén, Joaquín; Maillo Garrido, Josefina; Cayuela Marín, Diana; Baixauli Baixauli, Juan José Abstract: Se ha aplicado el ensayo de solubilidad diferencial a grupos de sustratos de fibras de poliéster, poliamida, acrílicas y fibras químicas celulósicas. Se ha puesto de manifiesto su sensibilidad para detectar diferencias de estructura fina en grupos de sustratos fabricados o procesados en diferentes condiciones, o procedentes de diferentes productoras. 2012-03-30T08:12:06Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15658 Title: Vestibilidad de los tejidos Authors: Capdevila Juan, Francisco Javier; Carrera Gallissà, Enric; Ardanuy Raso, Mònica Abstract: La medición objetiva de los tejidos para valorar el comportamiento en el proceso de la confección ha propiciado la aparición del concepto "confeccionabilidad"(en la literatura técnica "tailorability", traducido literalmente por "sastreabilidad"). Pero el proceso industrial comienza con la definición del producto y la selección de los materiales, seguido del patronaje, para transformar un producto de dos dimensiones como es un tejido en un producto tridimensional como es una prenda de vestir.Y el diseñador y el patronista también necesitan conocer el comportamiento de los tejidos para escoger el idóneo respecto al tipo de prenda y para construir los "moldes" de la prenda. Con este objetivo se propone en este artículo el concepto de "vestibilidad" de los tejidos desde la perspectiva de creación de la prenda de vestir; se comenta las propiedades mecánicas que influyen en la selección de los tejidos y las que son necesarias tener presente para desarrollar los patrones. 2012-03-26T08:21:08Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/15029 Title: Differential scanning calorimetry and elasticity of textured, heat set and mechanical strained polylactide multifilaments Authors: Manich Bou, Albert M.; Carilla Auguet, Josep; Miguel Lopes, Rui Alberto; Baena, Barbara; Lucas Mendes, Jose; Marti Gelabert, Meritxell; Cayuela Marín, Diana Abstract: Industrially textured PLA multifilaments were heat set under different conditions at 110 ºC for 1 min and subjected to one cycle of deformation up to 20%. Thermal transitions of the original textured, heat set and cyclic strained filaments were measured using differential scanning calorimetry from 25 to 250 ºC. Cyclic deformation induces an endo-exo transition at peak temperatures between 55 - 60 ºC that is not observed in the original textured and heat set multifilaments. There is another endo-exo transition with peak temperatures between 67 and 72 ºC in all filaments, the intensity of which varies according to texturing conditions, heat setting and cycle strain. Texturing conditions, heat setting and cyclic strain play a role in thermal transitions, the strain at breaking and elastic properties of the filaments. The crystallinity and magnitude of the endo-exo thermal events detected by DSC are related to the strain at breaking and elasticity of polylactide textured multifilaments 2012-02-09T12:53:09Z