http://hdl.handle.net/2117/3234 2013-06-20T03:59:39Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19557 Title: Treatment plant design using natural products for the purification of surface waters in Burkina Faso Authors: López Grimau, Víctor; Smith, Tarik; Amante García, Beatriz; Heras, Francisco Abstract: La climatología semi-árida de Burkina Faso (África occidental) es propensa a variaciones estacionales extremas, encadenando largos periodos de sequía con fuertes lluvias concentradas entre los meses de mayo y octubre. Las deficiencias tanto en el suministro de agua como en su calidad, especialmente en zonas rurales, supone la principal causa de enfermedades causadas por parásitos intestinales, con particular incidencia en la población infantil. Este estudio está localizado en una zona rural al norte del distrito de Yako, donde una de cada tres familias no tiene acceso a agua potable. Se centra en el tratamiento de agua mediante la utilización de semillas de la planta moringa oleífera (introducida en el país por comerciantes siglos atrás) como coagulante natural para la eliminación de la turbidez y de las partículas en suspensión de las aguas superficiales. A este tratamiento le sigue un proceso de desinfección química con cloro generado in situ vía electrólisis utilizando una fuente autónoma de suministro eléctrico. Se propone un sistema sostenible de purificación de agua el cual puede sustituir reactivos químicos por productos naturales mediante el empleo de un proceso eficiente energéticamente y de fácil operación. 2013-06-17T09:24:36Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19539 Title: Removal of aromatic amines and decolourisation of azo dye baths by electrochemical treatment Authors: López Grimau, Víctor; Riera Torres, Miquel; López Mesas, Montserrat; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen Abstract: The presence of aromatic amines in effluent from dyeing processes of the textile industry is an added problem to the high coloration typical of this type of effluent. The main objective of the present work was to eliminate these two problems simultaneously by electrochemical treatment using bath solutions containing three azo dyes. For the analysis of amines, a liquid–liquid extraction method was developed as an easier and faster alternative to the method described in the standards and widely used in analytical laboratories. Four amines (aniline, o-toluidine, 4-chloroaniline and 4-aminobiphenyl) were detected by GC-MS in the residual azo dye baths. A total amine concentration of between 2.5 and 1 ppm was detected, 4-aminobiphenyl being the main compound. Both residual colour and amines were removed by electrochemical treatment carried out at three current densities (3, 24 and 40 mA/cm2). At 24 mA/cm2, more than 90% of colour removal was achieved, and the total amine concentration was reduced to below 0.15 ppm. 2013-06-12T07:57:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/19538 Title: Continuous reuse of water and electrolyte from decolorized reactive dyebaths Authors: López Grimau, Víctor; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen; Valldeperas Morell, José; Crespi Rosell, Martin Abstract: In this work, the feasibility of reusing water and salt from reactive dyebaths after electrochemical decolourization was evaluated. Dyeing series of ten reuses with three reactive dyes (Navy Blue Procion H-EXL, Crimson Procion H-EXL and Yellow Procion H-EXL) were carried out (individually and in a trichromie) and color differences and total organic carbon values were measured to study how the successive reuses affect the quality dyeing. The first reuse produced dyeings with low colour differences with respect to a standard dyeing. In the subsequent reuses, colour differences increased until they reached a constant value at the 4th or 5th reuse, following a similar behavior to the organic matter content. At this point, it is determined the percentage of dye increase that allows for continuous dyeing of acceptable quality for the textile industry. To obtain dyeings with acceptable color differences (DE ⁄ CMC (2:1) 6 1) independent of the number of consecutive reuses, a 30% increase in blue dyestuff and 10% for red dyestuff must be added, whereas in the case of yellow dyeing, it was not necessary to increase the dye amount after subsequent reuses. In each dyeing, this process allowed savings of 70% of water and an average of 60% for salt. 2013-06-12T07:24:13Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16751 Title: Optimisation of the electrochemical and UV combined treatment to remove colour and organic halogenated compounds of textile effluents Authors: Riera Torres, Miquel Antoni; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen Abstract: Different electrochemical oxidation and UV irradiation treatment conditions were studied to improve the removal of colour and organic halogenated compounds of textile effluents wastewater so as to minimize their environmental impact. Synthetic dyeing effluents containing a reactive dye (CI Reactive Black 5, Procion Crimson H-EXL, Procion Navy H-EXL, Procion Yellow H-EXL and Procion Blue H-EXL) and Na2SO4 as dyeing electrolyte were studied. Ti/Pt oxides electrodes at different current densities (3, 6,12,24 and 40 mA/cm2) and three UV irradiation lamps (6 and 9W; 254, 360 and 365 nm maximum emission) were used. Results showed that total colour and organic halogenated compounds removal were achieved by UV irradiation after electrochemical treatment. A clear influence of current density and the type of UV lamp on colour removal was found, being the submerged lamps into the dye solution the most efficient. Kinetic constants of the UV irradiation step were calculated 2012-10-18T11:04:25Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16745 Title: Electrochemical techniques in textile processes and wastewater treatment Authors: Sala Gastón, Mireia; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen Abstract: The textile industry uses the electrochemical techniques both in textile processes (such as manufacturing fibers, dyeing processes, and decolorizing fabrics) and in wastewaters treatments (color removal). Electrochemical reduction reactions are mostly used in sulfur and vat dyeing, but in some cases, they are applied to effluents discoloration. However, the main applications of electrochemical treatments in the textile sector are based on oxidation reactions. Most of electrochemical oxidation processes involve indirect reactions which imply the generation of hypochlorite or hydroxyl radical in situ. These electrogenerated species are able to bleach indigo-dyed denim fabrics and to degrade dyes in wastewater in order to achieve the effluent color removal. The aim of this paper is to review the electrochemical techniques applied to textile industry. In particular, they are an efficient method to remove color of textile effluents. The reuse of the discolored effluent is possible, which implies an important saving of salt and water (i.e., by means of the “UVEC Cell”) 2012-10-17T13:22:29Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/16518 Title: Electrochemical decolourisation of cotton dye baths for reuse purposes: a way to reduce salinity of the textile wastewater Authors: López Grimau, Víctor; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen; Sala, Mireia; Crespi Rosell, Martin Abstract: Electrochemical techniques offer many advantages for the treatment of industrial effluents. These processes are clean, operate at room temperature, and in most cases, do not need the addition of reagents (as in the case of reactive dyeing effluents). In particular, the electrochemical treatment of textile effluents is an efficient method to remove colour. In this work, diverse synthetic effluents containing reactive dyes were treated in an electrochemical cell with Ti/PtO x electrodes. The efficiency of the process to remove colour and the use of an additional UV irradiation were evaluated. Once the conditions were established in synthetic effluents, they were applied on two types of exhausted reactive dye baths collected from a cotton mill. Instead of the effluent discharge, another possibility is to reuse the decoloured effluents for a new dyeing process. In this sense, diverse experiments were carried out and conditions for the effluents reuse were established. The reuse of dyeing effluents implies an important reduction of the salt and water consumption as well as a reduction of the salinity of the discharged effluents. 2012-09-18T16:52:52Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14426 Title: Influence of electrochemical pre-treatment in dyeing wastewater reuse for five reactive dyes Authors: Riera Torres, Miquel Antoni; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen; Valldeperas Morell, José; Lis Arias, Manuel José; Crespi Rosell, Martin Abstract: In this study, the influence of an electrochemical pre-treatment was evaluated in dyeing wastewater reuse for five reactive dyes for cotton fabrics. The most proper dyeing method was established and the influence of alkali was also studied. Wastewater was treated in an electrochemical cell at 20 Lh_1 and 40 mA/cm2 for between 3 and 15 minutes before being reused. During the electrochemical treatment the evolution of the dye degradation was evaluated by COD measurements. From the results, it can be concluded that 70% of the wastewater can be satisfactorily reused by direct bath reuse with most of the reactive dyes obtaining DE (CMC (2:1)) values below 1 with respect to the reference. Differences of DE (CMC (2:1) can be improved up to 75% by applying an electrochemical pre-treatment. In DE (CMC (2:1)) values, DL* was found to be the most influential parameter. Finally, the influence of the level of dye degradation in the wastewater was observed as non-relevant in the direct reuse of the bath for most of the studied dyes 2012-01-09T12:35:42Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14419 Title: Comparative study between activated sludge versus membrane bioreactor for textile wastewater Authors: Salazar Gámez, Lorena; Crespi Rosell, Martin; Salazar Cano, Roberto Abstract: The aim of this experimental work was to evaluate the carbonaceous constituents in textile wastewater, and the infl uence of slowly biodegradable products, also to compare two processes: Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and activated sludge (AS) for treating textile wastewater. The MBR pilot plant includes an aerobic reactor of 50 l, and membranes of micro and ultra fi ltration, the AS pilot plant has an aerobic reactor of 4 l. The processes were run 3 times over 244 d, with the same relative F/M and SRT. Respirometry was carried out to fi nd the carbonaceous constituents in the wastewater, and also the Ultimate BOD, the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) to evaluate the sludge, and different analysis: chemical oxygen demand and color removal, in order to evaluate process performance. The results show that the range of reduction of COD emissions using the MBR was 89–92%, and using AS was 54–70%, the color removal using MBR was 70% with MF membranes, and 72–73% with UF membranes, and 28% using AS. These results demonstrated that the textile wastewater could be treated by biological treatment but with high SRT, and also that the MBR is more effi cient and stable that a conventional activated sludge process for treating textile wastewater 2012-01-09T08:47:23Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/14088 Title: Electroquímica: Aplicaciones en los procesos textiles Authors: Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen; Sala Gastón, Mireia 2011-11-28T09:29:09Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/13422 Title: Empirical models for the decoloration of dyes in an electrochemical batch cell Authors: Pepió Viñals, Montserrat; Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen Abstract: Among several types of textiles colorants, reactive dyes represent about 30 50% of the total market share, and the most common group used as chromophore is the azo group (70%), followed by anthraquinone. The removal of such dyes from wastewater is a problem in textile mills. Electrochemical treatment has proven to be an interesting technique for removing dyes from wastewater, as it does not require any added chemical reagents. Generally, this technique is applied to obtain partial dye degradation (until color removal). In this work, electrochemical treatment was performed in a batch cell. The influence of conductivity, temperature, pH, dye concentration, and dyeing electrolyte on the decoloration was studied. The time required to reach a fixed level of decoloration and the corresponding electricity consumption were also evaluated. Six reactive dyes with different chromophores and reactive groups were selected. The main statistical study was carried out on CI Reactive Orange 13, a textile dye with the commercial name ProcionOrange PX-2R (OrPX). Subsequently, the behavior of the other dyes was studied in comparison with the OrPX models. 2011-10-04T18:01:09Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/13320 Title: Gestión de residuos a lo largo del ciclo de vida de un automóvil Authors: Amante García, Beatriz; Lacayo Vidal, Alex; Piqué Miserachs, Marc; López Grimau, Víctor Abstract: El estudio que se desarrolla a continuación tiene el objetivo de analizar los sectores y procesos de reciclaje de los residuos generados por un vehículo a lo largo de sus vida útil. Se pretende detectar posibles lagunas existentes en la actualidad y proponer mejoras organizativas según las carencias detectadas. Este estudio se realiza en definitiva, analizando el sector automovilístico y el reciclaje que se lleva a cabo en el mismo, teniendo en cuenta la aplicación de la Directiva Europea 2000/53 en el Estado Español y repasando los procesos de reciclaje de los diferentes componentes de un vehículo. Mediante las carencias detectadas en dichos procesos se propone l amejora de la gestión de los residuos en los talleres con la creación de un SIG (Sistema Integrado de Gestión) 2011-09-26T07:39:56Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/12761 Title: Cuantificación del principio activo en microcápsulas sobre tejidos Authors: Gutiérrez Bouzán, María Carmen; López Grimau, Víctor; Crespi Rosell, Martin; Valldeperas Morell, José 2011-06-14T10:41:10Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/11206 Title: Gestión de residuos a lo largo del ciclo de vida de un automóvil Authors: Amante García, Beatriz; Lacayo, M.; Piqué, V.; López Grimau, Víctor Abstract: El estudio que se desarrolla a continuación tiene el objetivo de analizar los sectores y procesos de reciclaje de los residuos generados por un vehículo a lo largo de su vida útil. Se pretende detectar posibles lagunas existentes en la actualidad y proponer mejoras organizativas según las carencias detectadas. Este estudio se realiza en definitiva, analizando el sector automovilístico y el reciclaje que se lleva a cabo en el mismo, teniendo en cuenta la aplicación de la Directiva Europea 2000/53 en el Estado Español y repasando los procesos de reciclaje de los diferentes componentes de un vehículo. Mediante las carencias detectadas en dichos procesos se propone la mejora de la gestión de los residuos en los talleres con la creación de un SIG (Sistema Integrado de Gestión). 2011-01-26T08:20:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/10714 Title: Tecnologías alternativas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales textiles Authors: García Montaño, Júlia; Surribas, Anna; Alaman, Marta; Blanco, José; Torrades Carné, Francesc; Blanco, Miren; Martinez, Amaia; Marcaide, Arrate Abstract: Los Procesos Avanzados de Oxidación tipo Fenton, orientados a la mineralización de contaminantes orgánicos persistentes, y los métodos enzimáticos para la decoloración, suponen una alternativa viable para la depuración de efluentes textiles. Aplicados bajo condiciones óptimas de operación, ambos alcanzan niveles de descontaminación satisfactorios, pudiendo aplicarse como complemento de los procesos de depuración biológicos convencionales. 2010-12-22T18:24:42Z http://hdl.handle.net/2117/10255 Title: Degradation of polyethoxylated nonylphenols in a sewage treatment plant. Quantitative analysis by isotopic dilution-HRGC/MS Authors: Planas Pastor, Carles; Guadayol Cunill, José María; Droguet Rifà, Marta; Escalas Cañellas, Antoni; Rivera Aranda, Josep; Caixach Gamisans, Josep Abstract: Polyethoxylated alkylphenols (APnEO, where n is the number of ethylene oxide molecules), are non-ionic surfactants widely used for domestic and industrial purposes.Most of APnEO are polyethoxylated nonylphenols (NPnEO). NPnEO are widespread environmental pollutants with relatively low toxicity for mammals and higher toxicity for aquatic organisms.In addition, they have been described as endocrine disrupters in recent publications. One of the main problems related to these surfactants is their uncomplete degradation, even in the most effective sewage treatment plants.Usually, the final products, more toxic and resistant to biological degradation than NPnEO, are nonylphenol (NP), monoethoxylated nonylphenol (NP1EO), diethoxylated nonylphenol (NP2EO), nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC), and nonylphenoxyethoxy acetic acid (NP2EC). In this paper, the degradation of NPnEO was studied in the different processes of a sewage treatment plant.For this purpose, NP, NP1EO and NP2EO were analysed in composite samples collected at different points along the plant (influent, pre-treatment effluent, primary effluent, plant effluent). Analyses were carried out by isotopic dilution-HRGC/MS, using available labelled nonylphenols (13C6-NP, 13C6-NP1EO, 13C6-NP2EO) as internal standards.Extraction of NPnEO from aqueous samples, previous to analysis, was performed by the Likens-Nickerson method (simultaneous steam distillation/solvent extraction, SDE). 2010-11-11T16:00:09Z