Given the growing concern on lightning threats outside the main warm-season, the objective of this study is to get further insight on the seasonal variations of the necessary conditions required for the production of ...

3D mapping system like the LMA - Lightning Mapping Array - are a leap forward in lightning observation. LMA measurements has lead to an improvement on the analysis of the fine structure of lightning, allowing to characterize ...

Sprites and Elves are commonly observed in Europe, especially also in winter maritime storms. It is well known that sprites are related to large electric charge positive flashes and elves are related with high amplitude ...

This paper presents six different thunderstorms affecting wind farms in the Basque Country. In this work, single-flash thunderstorms are discussed. The term single-flash is used in order to refer thunderstorms that leave ...

A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong ...

Design of the lightning protection system (LPS) of complex wind turbine blades must take into account how current is distributed along possible paths to ground. The flow of lightning currents can result in overvoltages ...

The first edition of the standard IEC 61400-24, Wind Generator Systems-Part 24 Lightning Protection, was issued in June 2010, and the scope was to reflect the experiences and technical understanding of lightning protection ...

Lightning flashes are known to initiate in regions of strong electric fields inside thunderstorms, between layers of positively and negatively charged precipitation particles. For that reason, lightning inception is ...

Thunderstorm electrical structures favouring cloud-to-ground lightning were investigated through a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), an accurate three-dimensional lightning location system that allows inferring the heights ...