Precise microanalytical techniques are essential in many fields such as cultural heritage materials, showing complex layered microstructures containing a wide range of materials of diverse nature and hardness. Noninvasive ...

Altarpieces and polychrome carved wood from the fifteenth century AD usually exhibit golden and silvery areas by the application of a very thin foil of metal. The metal foils were normally protected from the atmosphere ...

Medieval texts describe the use of the three-tone system as a pictorial procedure characteristic of Romanesque art to represent shape and volume. Some Medieval art treatises provide detailed instructions of its application, ...